Box-Behnken design to optimize the synthesis of new crosslinked chitosan-glyoxal/TiO2 nanocomposite: Methyl orange adsorption and mechanism studies

A crosslinked chitosan-glyoxal/TiO2 nanocomposite (CCG/TNC) was synthesized by loading different ratios of TiO2 nanoparticles into polymeric matrix of crosslinked chitosan-glyoxal (CCG) to be a promising biosorbent for methyl orange (MO). Box-Behnken design (BBD) in response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize various process parameters, viz., loading of TiO2 nanoparticles into CCG polymeric matrix (A: 0%-50%), adsorbent dose (B: 0.04-0.14 g/50 mL), solution pH (C: 4-10), and temperature (D: 30-50 °C). The highest MO removal efficiency of 75.9% was observed by simultaneous interactions between AB, AC, and BC. The optimum TiO2 loading, adsorbent dosage, solution pH, and temperature were (50% TiO2: 50% chitosan labeled as CCG/TNC-50), 0.09 g/50 mL, 4.0, and 40 °C. The adsorption of MO from aqueous solution by using CCG/TNC-50 in batch mode was evaluated. The kinetic results were well described by the pseudo-first order kinetic, and the equilibrium data were in agreement with Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity of 416.1 mg/g. The adsorption mechanism included electrostatic attractions, n-π stacking interactions, dipole-dipole hydrogen bonding interactions, and Yoshida H-bonding.