Oil fields located in cold environments and deep-sea locations often face challenges with paraffin wax buildup in pipelines during long-distance crude oil transportation. Various strategies have been employed to address this issue, with chemical methods being the most effective and economical. However, traditional chemical inhibitors present problems due to their high toxicity and low biodegradability, leading to increased operational costs and environmental concerns. This study focuses on developing an eco-friendly paraffin inhibitor system using three different concentrations of Glycine and Palm-based Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES). Experiments were conducted on crude oil samples from the Dulang Oilfield. The experimental measurements include wax appearance temperature (WAT), pour point temperature (PPT), and rheological tests in the absence and presence of the proposed inhibitors. The results revealed that both Glycine and MES can effectively reduce WAT, viscosity, and yield point. Specifically, 10% Glycine was the best inhibitor, reducing WAT by 23.3%. However, MES (1%, 5%, and 10%) demonstrated greater overall effectiveness, with an average WAT reduction of 13.76% compared to Glycine's 10.85%. MES also shows a better performance in reducing viscosity and yield stress. While PPT results were insignificant, MES is recommended as a flow improver rather than a pour point depressant. The successful development of these newly formulated chemical inhibitors promises an environmentally sustainable and economically efficient approach to maximizing oil production from mature fields while mitigating paraffin precipitation.
This research explores discrete element method analysis to investigate the wear of NiTi Sand Screens in comparison to traditional materials. The study utilized Altair EDEM v2022.2 software and employed Oka and Archard models to simulate the wear behavior of Nitinol, a well-established Shape Memory Alloy (SMA). The mechanical properties considered include Poisson's ratio, solid density, shear modulus, and Young modulus. Results indicate significantly higher wear values and deformations with the Oka model compared to negligible wear with the Archard model. The Oka model's emphasis on impact as the primary wear mechanism, supported by high normal cumulative energy, better represents sand screen wear phenomena. Additionally, this study indicates that factors such as particle size distribution and normal and tangential cumulative contact energy hold potential as predictors of wear response and characteristics. The Oka model demonstrated that NiTi exhibited reduced wear losses compared to SUS630 and Cr-Mn white cast iron, both of which are recognized for their high toughness when subjected to an impact load. Experimental analysis validated the simulation findings with morphological and graphical erosion plots. The limitation of observing the shape memory effect through DEM (discrete element method) simulation was acknowledged. Recommendations include characterizing post-wear microstructural changes, exploring the influence of temperature on wear behavior, and further research to refine wear models and understand SMA sand screen responses.