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  1. Cubosome-based skin delivery: from topical to transdermal applications
    Gunawan M, Efendi A, Ramadon D, Liew CV, Chutoprapat R
    Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2026 Nov;23(11):2059-2087.
    PMID: 42779272 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2026.2739504
    INTRODUCTION: Skin delivery provides an alternative drug administration, although its effectiveness is limited by the stratum corneum barrier. Cubosomes, as third-generation lipid nanoparticles with bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline structures, have emerged as promising nanocarriers that enhance skin penetration, sustain drug release, improve bioavailability, and minimize toxicity.

    AREAS COVERED: This review discusses the biopharmaceutical mechanisms of cubosome-mediated skin delivery, including bioadhesion, stratum corneum lipid fluidization, controlled release, enhanced cellular uptake, and improved bioavailability. Literature from 2006-2026 was collected from Scopus, PubMed, and patent databases, covering localized applications such as dermatological disorders, wound healing, fungal infections, alopecia, inflammatory skin diseases, and oncology, as well as systemic therapies including rheumatoid arthritis, gout, diabetes mellitus, and hormone replacement therapy. Recent advances, including microneedle integration, thermosensitive hydrogels, stimuli-responsive systems, and surface-engineered cubosomes, are also highlighted.

    EXPERT OPINION: Cubosomes represent a promising platform for advanced skin delivery. Optimal performance depends on the therapeutic goal, with systemic delivery requiring enhanced permeation and sustained absorption, whereas localized therapy prioritizes intradermal retention and tissue depot formation with minimal systemic exposure. Despite strong preclinical evidence, further studies on long-term safety, manufacturing standardization, and clinical validation are essential for successful clinical translation and commercialization of cubosome-based skin delivery.

  2. Fulltext In vitro anti-ageing activities of ethanolic extracts from Pink rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) for skin applications
    Boonpisuttinant K, Srisuttee R, Yen Khong H, Chutoprapat R, Ruksiriwanich W, Udompong S, et al.
    Saudi Pharm J, 2023 Apr;31(4):535-546.
    PMID: 37063444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.02.006
    Skin ageing is characterized by features such as wrinkles, loss of elasticity, laxity, rough-textured appearance, melasma and freckles. Several researches have focused for preventing, and treating skin ageing by many natural ingredients. This study aimed to assess the anti-ageing activities for anti-skin ageing of the ethanolic extracts of Pink rambutan (PR) (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) from leaves (L), branches (B), seeds (S), and peels from ripe (R) and young (Y) fruits. The extraction yields of all Pink Rambutan (PR) extracted by the Maceration (M) and the Soxhlet extraction (Sox) using 95% ethanol as a solvent, ranged from 10.62% to 30.63%. Flavonoids were found as the main phytochemicals in almost all the PR extracts. The PR-Y-M and PR-Y-Sox extracts gave the highest total phenolic contents by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay of 67.60 ± 4.38 mgGAE/g, and total flavonoid contents by the modified aluminum chloride colorimetric assay of 678.72 ± 23.59 mgQE/g, respectively. The PR-L-M extracts showed the highest three anti-oxidative activities; the free radical scavenging (SC50 of 0.320 ± 0.070 mg/mL), the lipid peroxidation inhibition (LC50 of 0.274 ± 0.029 mg/mL), and the metal chelation activity (MC50 of 0.203 ± 0.021 mg/mL). All the PR extracts at 0.01 and 0.1 mg/mL showed no cytotoxicity on B16F10 cells, and human skin fibroblasts, respectively. Likewise, the PR-R-Sox extract exhibited the highest anti-melanogenesis on B16F10 cells (52.7 ± 0.9%) and, the mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity (IC50 of 0.04 ± 0.02 mg/mL), which was significantly comparable to kojic acid (p R-Sox and PR-Y-Sox extracts can be further developed as natural anti-ageing agents for whitening and anti-wrinkle in the cosmetics, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical industries.
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