The efficient consumption of material and energy resources, with minimal carbon emissions and maximum economic output, is globally significant. This study examines the metabolic transition of resource use and CO2 emissions in nine of the largest economies of East, South, and Southeast Asia. A data envelopment model has been developed to assess the efficiency of domestic material consumption and CO2 emissions during 1971-2016 at three levels of analysis. The single-country analysis results reveal that China has made the most rapid efficiency transformation during 1971-2016 followed by Japan and South Korea, while the rest of the countries in South and Southeast Asia have not illustrated significant improvements. Results from the analysis of socio-economically grouped countries show that Japan and Bangladesh are the relatively efficient economies in East and South Asia, respectively. Among Southeast Asian countries, both Indonesia and Malaysia were found to be efficient. Based on the regional analysis comparing all nine countries, Japan has consistently remained a relatively efficient economy while China-despite rapid improvements-remains a relatively inefficient economy. To this end, Japan had the lowest material and CO2 intensities compared to all other countries. Based on our results, technological advancement, industry structure, and scale of traded goods and services were found to have a significant impact (the impact of per capita income was less pronounced) on a country's effective resource utilization and carbon mitigation.
It is of great importance to know about the genetic diversity, conservation and classification for further utilization of
tomato germplasm resources. Therefore, 40 tomato accessions were evaluated on the basic of agro-morphological traits
for genetic diversity in 2014. The experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm, University of Haripur and
farmer field in Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Principal component analysis showed that five out of 27 principal
components with an eigenvalue above 1.0 were considered for 74.10% of the total variance. The major contributing traits
in variations were days to flowering (DFL), days to fruiting (DFR), fruit size (FS), fruit weight plant-1 (FW), yield plot-1 (YPP),
yield hectare-1 (YPH), leaf length (LL), predominant fruit shape (PDFS), fruit length (FL), fruit width (FWidth), clusters
plant-1 (CPP), fruits plant-1
(FPP) and plant height (PH). The scattered plot of the PC’s revealed that the accessions were
scattered in all the quarters, which is also a representative that high level of genetic variability was present. FW and FL
were positively correlated with YPH. However, the remaining yield components indirectly contributed YPH. Cluster analysis
divided 40 accessions into four main clusters (I, II, III and IV), each of which having 12, 11, 07 and 10 accessions. The
accessions in clusters I and II were statistically similar and performed better in terms of yield and yield related traits.
Grouping into different clusters was associated with their agro-morphological differences. These results could be serving
as a useful resource for further characterization, preservation and breeding programs.