Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a prolonged global issue recognized by World Health Organization (WHO) which is projecting into global healthcare impacts and becoming global economic burden. In response, demand for newer antimicrobial agents became overwhelming focusing especially on the plant-based research due to rich source of phytochemicals. Limonoids are active phytochemical found in Swietenia macrophylla King (Sky fruit) and Triphasia Trifolia (Limeberry) originating from Meliaceae and Rutaceae family, respectively. The research objective of the study is to evaluate the synergistic antifungal assay of the isolated fraction of limonoids from sky fruit and limeberry seeds against Candida albican and Aspergillus fumigatus. The preliminary sensitivity tests were carried out using macrodilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test and Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. The synergistic test was performed using modified double-disk synergy test (MDDST) in which it has been modified to substitute the antimicrobial agents with phytochemicals. The findings showed an MIC of 31.25mg/mL and 7.81mg/mL for Swietenia macrophylla King and Triphasia Trifolia respectively for the selected fungal pathogens. Preliminary assay indicates minimum antifungal efficacy of both extracts against Candida albicans (>11mm;9mm) and Aspergillus fumigatus (>29mm:25mm) compare with Caspofungin (>13mm and 30mm) as positive control. The synergistic antifungal test showed a promising equipotency on Candida albicans (4:1;16mm) compare with Aspergillus fumigates (1:4;23mm) based on the concentration and zone of inhibition. Thus, sky fruit and limeberry seeds showed significant equipotency with the current marketed antifungal agent.
The composition of ophthalmic preparation is administered topically to the eye in the form of a solution, suspension, ointment, gel or foam for the purpose of treating eye disease. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) has been one of the desired ingredients of choice, as its benefits as functional food oil is known among the public. The uniqueness of coconut oil is its fats and oils that contain the highest percentage of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), which have antimicrobial properties, such as lauric acid and capric acid. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of eye drop containing a different VCO concentration using the Kirby-Bauer test. The formulation of eye drop had 1.5%, 2% and 3% amount of virgin coconut oil, which was later added with all basic materials needed for eye drop. The samples were evaluated for its zone of inhibition (ZOI). The antimicrobial effects of eye drop formulation that contains 3% of VCO (F3) against Streptococcus pneumonia were similar with all control products (Eye Glo, Pred Forte, Cationorm), and antimicrobial effects of F3 against Staphylococcus aureus are better than Cationorm. It is noticeable that the higher the VCO content in the formulation, the better the antimicrobial effects of the eye drop. In conclusion, VCO possesses moisture, anti-inflammation, better anti-microbial properties, and it could be further formulated as a stable eye drop emulsion.