In previous study, in vitro antiplasmodial activity fractions isolated from methanol extract of E. longifolia, Jack. have been evaluated. Among 5 isolates evaluated from the study, isolate 4 showed high in vitro antiplasmodial activity. However, which stage specificity of the isolates on P. falciparum cycles has not been evaluated. This study was intended to evaluate the stage specificity of the isolate on P. falciparum cycles. The study was conducted by observing the percentage of each stages of P. falciparum microscopically after 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, and 72 hours incubation periods with 3 various concentration of isolate 4 compared with control. The result showed that isolate 4 of E. longifolia root methanol soluble fractions most potent at trophozoites stages of P. falciparum.
Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, and Curcuma manga have been widely used for herbal or traditional medicine purposes. It was reported that turmeric plants provided several biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotector, cardioprotector, and anticancer activities. Authentication of the Curcuma species is important to ensure its authenticity and to avoid adulteration practices. Plants from different origins will have different metabolite compositions because metabolites are affected by soil nutrition, climate, temperature, and humidity. 1H-NMR spectroscopy, principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used for authentication of C. longa, C. xanthorrhiza, and C. manga from seven different origins in Indonesia. From the 1H-NMR analysis it was obtained that 14 metabolites were responsible for generating classification model such as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, alanine, methionine, threonine, lysine, alpha-glucose, beta-glucose, sucrose, alpha-fructose, beta-fructose, fumaric acid, tyrosine, and formate. Both PCA and OPLS-DA model demonstrated goodness of fit (R2 value more than 0.8) and good predictivity (Q2 value more than 0.45). All OPLS-DA models were validated by assessing the permutation test results with high value of original R2 and Q2. It can be concluded that metabolite fingerprinting using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics provide a powerful tool for authentication of herbal and medicinal plants.