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Vanadia as an electron-hole recombination inhibitor on fibrous silica-titania for selective hole oxidation of ciprofloxacin and Congo red photodegradation

Hassan NS, Jalil AA, Fei ICM, Razak MTA, Khusnun NF, Bahari MB, et al.

Chemosphere, 2023 Oct;338:139502.
PMID: 37453521 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139502

Vanadia (V2O5)-incorporated fibrous silica-titania (V/FST) catalysts, which were successfully synthesized using a hydrothermal method followed by the impregnation of V2O5. The catalysts were then characterized using numerous techniques, including X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption analyses, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) analyses. The study found that varying the amount of V2O5 (1-10 wt%) had a significant impact on the physicochemical properties of the FST, which in turn improved the photodegradation efficiency of two organic compounds, ciprofloxacin (CIP) and congo red (CR). 5V/FST demonstrated the best performance in degrading 10 mg L-1 of CIP (83%) and CR (100%) at pH 3 using 0.375 g L-1 catalyst under visible light irradiation within 180 min. The highest photoactivity of 5V/FST is mainly due to higher crystallinity and the highest number of V2O5-FST interactions. Furthermore, as demonstrated by PL analysis, the 5V/FST catalyst has the most significant impact on interfacial charge transfer and reduces electron-hole recombination. The photodegradation of both contaminants follows the Langmuir-Hinshelwood pseudo-first-order model, according to the kinetic study. The scavenger investigation demonstrated that hydroxyl radicals and holes dominated species in the system, indicating that the catalyst effectively generated reactive species for pollutant degradation. A possible mechanism was also identified for FST and 5V/FST. Interestingly, V2O5 acts as an electron-hole recombination inhibitor on FST for selective hole oxidation of ciprofloxacin and congo red photodegradation. Finally, the degradation efficiency of the catalyst remained relatively stable even after five cyclic experiments, indicating its potential for long-term use in environmental remediation.
Validity of screening tools for dementia and mild cognitive impairment among the elderly in primary health care: a systematic review

Abd Razak MA, Ahmad NA, Chan YY, Mohamad Kasim N, Yusof M, Abdul Ghani MKA, et al.

Public Health, 2019 Apr;169:84-92.
PMID: 30826688 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.01.001

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aims to provide updated and comprehensive evidence on the validity and feasibility of screening tools for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia among the elderly at primary healthcare level.
STUDY DESIGN: A review of articles was performed.
METHODS: A search strategy was used by using electronic bibliographic databases including PubMed, Embase and CENTRAL for published studies and reference list of published studies. The articles were exported to a bibliographic database for further screening process. Two reviewers worked independently to screen results and extract data from the included studies. Any discrepancies were resolved and confirmed by the consensus of all authors.
RESULTS: There were three screening approaches for detecting MCI and dementia - screening by a healthcare provider, screening by a self-administered questionnaire and caretaker informant screening. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was the most common and preferable tool for MCI screening (sensitivity [Sn]: 81-97%; specificity [Sp]: 60-86%), whereas Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE) was the preferable tool for dementia screening (Sn: 79-100%; Sp: 86%).
CONCLUSION: This systematic review found that there are three screening approaches for detecting early dementia and MCI at primary health care. ACE and MoCA are recommended tools for screening of dementia and MCI, respectively.
Fulltext Validity and reliability of the SF-36: the Malaysian context

Sararaks S, Azman AB, Low LL, Rugayah B, Aziah AM, Hooi LN, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jun;60(2):163-79.
PMID: 16114157

Results of construct validity and reliability of the SF-36 are described, based on data from a multi-centre study on asthmatics and a population based survey. Questionnaire refinement was carried out between the two studies. Quality of data was good, with all items having less than 0.5% missing values. Floor and/or ceiling effects were observed for REE, REP, PF and SF. For scaling assumptions, correlations between each items and its hypothesized scale were all above 0.50, except for one item in PF. and for both items in SF. Item discriminant validity was an issue for items in VT, SF and MH scales. Cronbach's as for all scales exceeded the recommended 0.70 level, except for SF. Only one latent dimension was identified in principal component analysis, and only 52-53% of variance accounted for. As expected, PF shows high correlations with the physical component while MH was highly correlated with the mental component. Contrasting findings in the loadings of other scales were observed in the asthma data. Age, disease severity and presence of self-reported handicap/disability significantly affect PF, while MH demonstrates no obvious pattern with declining age. In essence, the Malay version of SF-36 could be used in Malaysia, with its generally acceptable internal consistency and validity. The caveat is in the call for additional domains of importance to Malaysians that is not covered by the instrument, and in the caution to be employed when using and construing the instrument.
Fulltext Two years review of cutaneous adverse drug reaction from first line anti-tuberculous drugs

Tan WC, Ong CK, Kang SC, Razak MA

Med J Malaysia, 2007 Jun;62(2):143-6.
PMID: 18705448 MyJurnal

First line Anti-TB therapy with rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol/streptomycin is very effective. However, major adverse reactions to antituberculous drugs can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Cutaneous adverse drug reaction (CADR) is one of the commonly observed major adverse events. This retrospective study looked at the cases of TB treated in Respiratory Unit, Penang Hospital from January 2004 to December 2005. Of 820 patients treated for active TB, 47 patients (25 females; 22 males) developed CADR (5.7%). CADRs observed include morbiliform rash (72.3%), erythema multiforme syndrome (8.5%), urticaria (8.5%) and others (which include exfoliative dermatitis and lichenoid eruption). Ninety-seven percent of events occurred within two months after the initial dose. Incidence rate of CADR among the first line anti-TB drugs, pyrazinamide was the commonest offending drug (2.38%), followed by streptomycin (1.45%), ethambutol (1.44%), rifampicin (1.23%) and isoniazid (0.98%). Various clinical characteristics of patients with CADR identified include Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection (27.7%), polypharmacy (21.3%), elderly (19.1%), autoimmune disorders (6.4%), pre-existing renal impairment (4.3%), pre-existing liver disorders (4.3%). In conclusion, CADR is common and majority of cases occurred within two months after initiation of anti-TB treatment, particularly in HIV infected patients. Pyrazinamide is the commonest offending drug.
Tuberculosis in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Peninsular Malaysia

Ong BL, Ngeow YF, Razak MF, Yakubu Y, Zakaria Z, Mutalib AR, et al.

Epidemiol Infect, 2013 Jul;141(7):1481-7.
PMID: 23414617 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268813000265

A cross-sectional study was conducted from 10 January to 9 April 2012, to determine the seroprevalence of tuberculosis (TB) of all captive Asian elephants and their handlers in six locations in Peninsular Malaysia. In addition, trunk-wash samples were examined for tubercle bacillus by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For 63 elephants and 149 elephant handlers, TB seroprevalence was estimated at 20.4% and 24.8%, respectively. From 151 trunkwash samples, 24 acid-fast isolates were obtained, 23 of which were identified by hsp65-based sequencing as non-tuberculous mycobacteria. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific PCR was positive in the trunk-wash samples from three elephants which were also seropositive. Conversely, the trunk wash from seven seropositive elephants were PCR negative. Hence, there was evidence of active and latent TB in the elephants and the high seroprevalence in the elephants and their handlers suggests frequent, close contact, two-way transmission between animals and humans within confined workplaces.
Fulltext Total hip arthroplasty in Malaysia--the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Hospital Kuala Lumpur experience

Tay BH, Masbah O, Razak M, Ruslan GNS

Med J Malaysia, 2000 Sep;55 Suppl C:74-85.
PMID: 11200048

The results of 109 primary total hip arthroplasties in 92 patients performed in Hospital Kuala Lumpur from January 1987 to December 1996 were reviewed after a mean follow-up of 30.8 months. There were 22 males and 70 females with the average age of 49.9 years (range 19 to 94 years). Chinese females comprised the largest group of patients (52.2%). Avascular necrosis was the most common diagnosis (33.1%) followed by hip dysplasia and primary osteoarthritis (17.4%). The procedure was performed more on the right hip (64.2%) compared to the left (35.8%). All patients received prophylactic antibiotics but none were given deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis. The Charnley prosthesis was most commonly used and the majority of the arthroplasties were cemented (60.5%). About 80% of the THA were performed via the lateral approach. The functional hip score improved from an average of 8.9 to 15.0 with 66.3% of the patients categorized as good and excellent results. There were 16 patients (17.4%) with poor outcome. The most common complications encountered were dislocation (10.1%), aseptic loosening (9.2%) and periprosthetic fracture (5.5%). Other complications were deep infection (1.8%), deep vein thrombosis (0.9%), trochanteric osteotomy complications (1.8%), superficial infection (7.3%), urinary tract infection (5.5%), pressure sore (3.7%) and respiratory complication (1.8%). Fifteen hips (13.8%) required revision. The causes for revision were aseptic loosening, dislocation and infection. Technical anomalies were recognized as one of the factors contributing to poor results. Five-year survival rate was 87.3%. Better results can be expected with increasing experience and technical skulls.
Fulltext Thoracolumbar fracture--dislocation results of surgical treatment

Razak M, Mahmud M, Mokhtar SA, Omar A

Med J Malaysia, 2000 Sep;55 Suppl C:14-7.
PMID: 11200038

Fifteen cases of unstable fracture-dislocation of the thoracolumbar spine have been treated by open reduction, short segment transpedicular fixation and fusion in Universiti Unit, Kuala Lumpur Hospital from January 1994 until December 1997. Twelve male and three female patients were injured; their age ranged from 18 to 45 years. Five fracture-dislocations occurred in the lower thoracic spine (T8 to T11), eight at the thoracolumbar junction (T12 to L2) and two in the lumbar spine (L3 to L5). All the patients had neurological deficit. Seven patients with incomplete or cauda equina lesions regained some neural function, while all eight with complete lesions remained unchanged. Ten of the fifteen cases were grossly unstable and translated beyond 50% of the width of the spinal column. At the time of follow up (more than one year in all patients), no loss of reduction or of fixation was noted in any patient. Solid fusion was achieved in all patients. The advantages of this method of treatment include stable fixation, with maintenance of sagittal and coronal spinal alignments, to allow early rehabilitation.
Fulltext The surgical outcome of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis

Razak MA, Ong KP, Hyzan Y

Med J Malaysia, 1998 Sep;53 Suppl A:12-21.
PMID: 10968178

A retrospective study was conducted to assess the surgical outcomes of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Twenty-five patients treated with decompressive surgery in Hospital Kuala Lumpur between January 1992 and August 1996 were reviewed. There were seven males and eighteen females. The average age was 51 years old (range 33 to 64 years old). The diagnosis of degenerative spinal stenosis was made based on the clinical features and was confirmed by radiographic findings. Ninety two percent of the patients had moderate to severe symptoms preoperatively. The types of surgery consisted of laminectomy (n = 15), laminotomy (n = 10), and laminoplasty (n = 1). The surgical outcomes were assessed based on patients' own assessment of symptoms relieved and functional returned to daily activities at least six months after the surgery. The average follow-up period was fifteen months (range 6 months to 42 months). Of these twenty-five patients, 4 (16%) claimed to have excellent results, 11 (44%) had good results, 8 (32%) reported fair, and 2 (8%) judged their surgical treatment as poor with little or no use. There was no anaesthetic, cardiovascular, or thromboembolic complications seen in this study. Four patients had recurrent claudication, one demonstrated localised arachnoiditis, and two had lumbar instability which were not documented preoperatively. One patient had L4 nerve root avulsion with dura torn and another patient had superficial wound infection. We concluded in this study that decompressive surgery offers satisfactory results in patients with moderate to severe degenerative spinal stenosis in short term follow-up.
Fulltext The role of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in internal derangement of the knee

Zairul-Nizam ZF, Hyzan MY, Gobinder S, Razak MA

Med J Malaysia, 2000 Dec;55(4):433-8.
PMID: 11221154

We attempted to compare the accuracy of our clinical examination and the usage of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating patients suspected of having internal derangement of the knee who were seen in our Orthopaedic clinic. This was done using the findings of arthroscopy as the 'gold standard'. The accuracy of MRI in detecting cruciate ligament tears was between 80-96% against 82-93% for clinical examination. MRI accuracy for meniscus injuries was 80-84% compared to 48-65% for clinical examination. We thus propose that MRI examination is an effective first-line investigation for patients with suspected internal knee derangement, especially menisci injuries; allowing arthroscopy to be reserved for patients in whom surgery is truly indicated.

Study site: Orthopedic clinic, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM)
Fulltext The results of treatment of dislocation and fracture--dislocation of the elbow--a review of 41 patients

Azmi I, Razak M, Hyzan Y

Med J Malaysia, 1998 Sep;53 Suppl A:59-70.
PMID: 10968184

Forty-one patients with 42 elbow dislocations, of which 13 had acute simple dislocations, 21 had fracture-dislocations and 8 had neglected elbow dislocations, were evaluated with regard to limitation of motion, pain, instability and residual neurovascular deficit. All patients with acute simple dislocation were treated with closed reduction, but the duration of immobilization before commencement of active motion varied. Open-reduction was indicated for failed closed reduction and neglected-dislocations. Internal fixation as a primary procedure was only performed for displaced fracture-dislocation. Excision of radial head or tricepsplasty were performed if the reduction was impossible in neglected elbow dislocation. Despite a good results in acute simple dislocation, 33.07% had flexion contracture of between 5 to 30 degrees. In fracture dislocation, satisfactory results were seen in whom the elbow was immobilized for three weeks or less. Neglected-dislocation is associated with poor functional outcome, 37.5% were good and 62.5% were poor. Prolonged immobilization after injury was strongly associated with an unsatisfactory result. The results indicate that early properly supervised active motion is a key factor in the rehabilitation of elbow dislocation.
Fulltext The results of surgical treatment of tibial plateau fractures

Ruslan GS, Razak M

Med J Malaysia, 1998 Sep;53 Suppl A:35-41.
PMID: 10968181

Thirty-eight tibial plateau fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. The fractures were classified into six groups (Hohl's 1991 Classification) and the clinical results were evaluated using the Rasmussen (1973) criteria. The average follow-up period was 2.07 years. Overall there was one excellent, thirty-four (34) good, three fair and no poor results. In three patients with less than a good score there were other associated ipsilateral injuries and delayed mobilisation of the knee joint. There was no direct association between the type of internal fixation and the end result.
Fulltext The pattern of spinal tuberculosis in Sarawak General Hospital

Rasit AH, Razak M, Ting FSS

Med J Malaysia, 2001 Jun;56(2):143-50.
PMID: 11771073

This is a retrospective study of 53 patients with spinal tuberculosis treated in Sarawak General Hospital from 1994 until 1998. The study showed that the mean age in patients with spinal tuberculosis was 40.2 years, and was more common in male (70%) and in Iban population (50%). The clinical presentation included backache (94%); abscess (45%); neurological deficit (44%); and gibbus deformity (22%). The percentage of patient without BCG scar was 82% and 18% had evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. The most common vertebra involved was the ninth thoracic vertebra and the least common was the third cervical vertebra. The average number of vertebra affected per patient was three. The most common radiological type of lesion was paradiscal (47%). The percentage of patients diagnosed by histological examination was 44%. All patients were given chemotherapy for 12 months' duration; 57% were treated surgically and 43% were treated conservatively. Twenty-four of patients (40%) had an excellent and good results and 28 of patients had a fair result and only one patient had poor result. In 23 of patients treated conservatively showed increment of 8 degrees of kyphosis angle and 22 of patients had a fair result and only one patient had poor outcome after 6 months of treatment. In 30 of patients treated surgically showed correction of 4 degrees of kyphosis angle and 24 of them had excellent and good outcome, where 6 of them had fair outcome after 6 months of treatment.
Fulltext Spinal infection--an overview and the results of treatment

Razak M, Kamari ZH, Roohi S

Med J Malaysia, 2000 Sep;55 Suppl C:18-28.
PMID: 11200039

A retrospective review of thirty-eight patients (16 males and 22 females) with spinal infection between 1993 and 1998 revealed that the mean age was 39.9 years and the peak incidence was in the 5th decade of life. Infections in thirty-two patients (84.2%) were tuberculous in origin, 13.2% were pyogenic and 2.6% were fungal. Back pain was a symptom in 94.7% while 55.8% had neurological deficits, of which two-thirds were tuberculous in origin. Twenty-two patients (57.9%) had an impaired immune status secondary to pulmonary either tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, intravenous drug abuse, prolonged steroid treatment, malnutrition, or advanced age. History of contact with tuberculous patients was elicited in 31.3%, extraskeletal tuberculosis was found in 28.1%, while Mantoux test was only positive in 53.1% of tuberculous patients. Majority of the cases (57.9%) involved lumbar vertebra. The histopathological examination was only positive in 22.2% from material taken via CT guided biopsy but 93.3% were found to be conclusive from open biopsy. 4 out of 5 patients who had a pyogenic infection were treated conservatively and produced a good result. There was no difference in outcome for tuberculosis patients treated with either the 3 drug or 4 drug regimen. Anterior decompression and bone grafting in tuberculous patients was superior in terms of a faster fusion rate, early pain relief and prevention of kvphotic deformity. The initial neurological deficit did not reflect the future prognosis of patients with spinal infection.
Fulltext Short segment posterior instrumentation, reduction and fusion of unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures--a review of 26 cases

Razak M, Mahmud MM, Hyzan MY, Omar A

Med J Malaysia, 2000 Sep;55 Suppl C:9-13.
PMID: 11200050

From January 1994 to January 1998, 26 patients of unstable thoracolumbar burst fracture were treated by a short segment posterior instrumentation (pedicular screw plate/rod system), reduction and fusion in Kuala Lumpur and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Hospital. Majority of them were young and in a productive age group (mean age were 30 year-old). The mean duration of follow-up was 24.4 months. The injuries were caused by fall from height (69%) and motor vehicle accident (31%). Most of the fracture occurred at 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae (24/26). Twelve of the patients did not have neurological deficits. Out of 14 patients with neurological deficits, 64.4% of them showed an improvement of at least one Frankel's grade. There was no defect correlation between canal compromise and neurological deficit. Kyphotic angle improved from 20 degrees to 7 degrees immediately after surgery. In the last follow-up average kyphotic angle was 9 degrees with average lost of 2 degrees. The average length of hospitalization following surgery was 24 days. A posterolateral bony fusion was achieved in all cases at an average of 3 months. Complication included 2 loosening and 3 misplacement of pedicle screw fixation. We concluded that short-segment fixation with posterolateral decompression and fusion is effective in the treatment of unstable thoracolumbar burst fracture.
Fulltext Residual deformity following surgical treatment of congenital talipes equinovarus

Simbak N, Razak M

Med J Malaysia, 1998 Sep;53 Suppl A:115-20.
PMID: 10968193

A study was carried out on 24 patients (36 clubfeet) surgically treated at the Orthopaedic Department National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, over a period of four and half years. Nine feet underwent posterior release, 24 feet underwent posteromedial release combined with Evan's procedure. The overall operative result was 63.3% good, 9.5% fairly and 27.2% poor. Patients who underwent surgery between 3 to 12 months showed a high percentage of good results (66.7%). Metatarsal adduction was found to be the commonest residual deformity (63.9%), followed by heel varus (11.1%), cavus (11.1%) and equinus (5.6%). Inadequacy of primary surgery and post operative period of immobilization resulted in a significant high failure rate.
Fulltext Rare combination of seven fractures in the same forearm and wrist

Pan KL, Masbah O, Razak M

Med J Malaysia, 2000 Jun;55(2):268-70.
PMID: 19839159

A rare combination of a segmental ulnar fracture with fracture dislocation of the head of the radius and intraarticular fracture of the distal radius concomitant with an ipsilateral scaphoid, lunate and coronoid process fractures is presented. The mechanism of injury could possibly be a tremendous impact on the outstretched hand with a dorsiflexed wrist, fracturing the carpal bones and the distal radius. Transmitted axial forces on the ulna in a pronating forearm resulted in the other fractures. To the best of our knowledge, no such case has been reported. Open reduction with screw fixation of the scaphoid, plating of the proximal ulna and Kirschner wiring of the distal radius and radial head dislocation were done.
Fulltext Proximal third femoral shaft fractures in children: prevention of angular deformities using bilateral Thomas splints

Kamal MH, Razak M, Ibrahim S, Lim A

Med J Malaysia, 2000 Sep;55 Suppl C:68-73.
PMID: 11200047

This is a prospective study to look at the outcome of unilateral proximal third femoral shaft fractures in children treated with a bilateral Thomas splint in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia between the period of January 1996 and June 1998. Eighteen children aged between 2 years and 12 years old with unilateral proximal third fractures of the femoral shaft were treated using a bilateral Thomas splint. Angular deformities were measured using a goniometer metric scale before and after Thomas splints. The percentage of varus tilt corrected ranged from 17% to 72% with an average correction of 29% from the initial deformity and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The percentage of posterior tilt corrected ranged from 19% to 60% with the average correction of 20% from the initial deformity. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). From this study, we conclude that bilateral Thomas splints can give a better correction of angular deformity for proximal third femoral shaft fractures in children below twelve years of age.
Profile of solvent abusers (glue sniffers) in East Malaysia

Zabedah MY, Razak M, Zakiah I, Zuraidah AB

Malays J Pathol, 2001 Dec;23(2):105-9.
PMID: 12166590

Solvent abuse is deliberate sniffing of an organic solvent for the intention of altering the physiological state of the individual. It is also commonly known as glue sniffing because glue is the most commonly abused substance. This form of substance abuse is widespread throughout the world and usually popular among secondary school children and young adults because of its easy availability and it is cheaper compared with most drugs of abuse. In Malaysia this problem has been recognized especially among the children in East Malaysia. In this study, 37 children and young adults from or around Kota Kinabalu, Sabah were referred to Bukit Padang Psychiatric Hospital by the Anti-drug Task force for suspected solvent abuse. These children were interviewed using questionaire and examined physically. Blood and urine were analysed for toluene and hippuric acid. 27 of the children, age ranging between 8 and 20 years, willingly admitted to sniffing glue for a period between a few months to 2 years. Most of them were children of Fillipino illegal immigrants in Kota Kinabalu. Biochemical parameters were found to be normal. Two of them were pale with low hemoglobin and 7 had eosinophilia. Haematuria and proteinuria were found in 21 children (78%). 16 blood samples with toluene levels ranging from 0.3 to 41 microg/ml and 10 urine samples have elevated urinary hippuric acid levels ranging from 1.2 to 7.4 mg/ml. Strong positive correlation was noted between mean blood toluene levels and duration of abuse.
Fulltext Pollination Services of Mango Flower Pollinators

Huda AN, Salmah MR, Hassan AA, Hamdan A, Razak MN

J Insect Sci, 2015;15.
PMID: 26246439 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev090

Measuring wild pollinator services in agricultural production is very important in the context of sustainable management. In this study, we estimated the contribution of native pollinators to mango fruit set production of two mango cultivars Mangifera indica (L). cv. 'Sala' and 'Chok Anan'. Visitation rates of pollinators on mango flowers and number of pollen grains adhering to their bodies determined pollinator efficiency for reproductive success of the crop. Chok Anan failed to produce any fruit set in the absence of pollinators. In natural condition, we found that Sala produced 4.8% fruit set per hermaphrodite flower while Chok Anan produced 3.1% per flower. Hand pollination tremendously increased fruit set of naturally pollinated flower for Sala (>100%), but only 33% for Chok Anan. Pollinator contribution to mango fruit set was estimated at 53% of total fruit set production. Our results highlighted the importance of insect pollinations in mango production. Large size flies Eristalinus spp. and Chrysomya spp. were found to be effective pollen carriers and visited more mango flowers compared with other flower visitors.
Fulltext Neurological recovery in a patient with recurrent aggressive giant cell tumour of the axis--a case report

Razak MA, Fazir M

Med J Malaysia, 2000 Sep;55 Suppl C:97-100.
PMID: 11200052

A rare case of an aggressive recurrent giant cell tumour of axis is presented. The problems encountered in diagnosis and management are discussed. High dose dexamethasone was found to be useful managing this inoperable aggressive tumour which was compressing the cord. Early diagnosis would facilitate wide excision of the tumour with good prognosis.

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