In the past few decades, the air temperature of built environment and energy demand of buildings has been increased, particularly in summer. As a consequence, the number of heat waves, heat-related mortality and morbidity have increased. The wide application of air conditioning and high level of energy use are inevitable to save people's lives, particularly in hot and temperate climates. Under these circumstances, this study offers a scoping review of the articles published between 2000 and 2020 to evaluate the role of green roofs in building energy use in hot and temperate climates. Given the ongoing trend of urban overheating, the scope of this review is limited to hot-humid, temperate and hot-dry climate zones. This scoping review shows the benefits of green roofs for reducing the demand of building energy in different climate zones and highlights the higher magnitude of energy saving in temperate climates than hot-humid or hot-dry climates provided that the green roofs are well-irrigated and uninsulated. According to the review of the articles published between 2000 and 2020, the reduction in cooling load is maximum (mean 50.2%) in temperate climate zones for well-irrigated green roofs. The effectiveness in saving cooling load reduces in hot-humid and hot-dry climate zones with means of 10% and 14.8% respectively. Green roof's design elements also strongly influence the potential in saving energy, and the effectiveness is heavily influenced by background climatic conditions. The findings of this study assist building designers and communities to better understand the amount of energy savings due to green roofs and present the results in different climates quantitatively.
In this paper, the suitability and performance of ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system), ANFIS-PSO (particle swarm optimization), ANFIS-GA (genetic algorithm) and ANFIS-DE (differential evolution) has been investigated for the prediction of monthly and weekly wind power density (WPD) of four different locations named Mersing, Kuala Terengganu, Pulau Langkawi and Bayan Lepas all in Malaysia. For this aim, standalone ANFIS, ANFIS-PSO, ANFIS-GA and ANFIS-DE prediction algorithm are developed in MATLAB platform. The performance of the proposed hybrid ANFIS models is determined by computing different statistical parameters such as mean absolute bias error (MABE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). The results obtained from ANFIS-PSO and ANFIS-GA enjoy higher performance and accuracy than other models, and they can be suggested for practical application to predict monthly and weekly mean wind power density. Besides, the capability of the proposed hybrid ANFIS models is examined to predict the wind data for the locations where measured wind data are not available, and the results are compared with the measured wind data from nearby stations.
Most silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET models are application-specific. These are already defined by the manufacturers and their parameters are mostly partially accessible due to restrictions. The desired characteristic of any SiC model becomes highly important if an individual wants to visualize the impact of changing intrinsic parameters as well. Also, it requires a model prior knowledge to vary these parameters accordingly. This paper proposes the parameter extraction and its selection for Silicon Carbide (SiC) power N-MOSFET model in a unique way. The extracted parameters are verified through practical implementation with a small-scale high power DC-DC 5 to 2.5 output voltage buck converter using both hardware and software emphasis. The parameters extracted using the proposed method are also tested to verify the static and dynamic characteristics of SiC MOSFET. These parameters include intrinsic, junction and overlapping capacitance. The parameters thus extracted for the SiC MOSFET are analyzed by device performance. This includes input, output transfer characteristics and transient delays under different temperature conditions and loading capabilities. The simulation and experimental results show that the parameters are highly accurate. With its development, researchers will be able to simulate and test any change in intrinsic parameters along with circuit emphasis.
This study evaluates the energy efficiency of an urban dairy farm in Tlemcen, Algeria, by assessing the feasibility of a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)/wind hybrid energy system. Using HOMER and MATLAB software, the study explores the potential for replacing the farm's existing energy systems with a hybrid system integrated into a low-voltage electrical grid. The HOMER software determined the configuration that resulted in the lowest net present cost, energy cost in kWh, greenhouse gas emission mitigation, and renewable fraction (RF). The selected specifications of the renewable energy (RE) system components, power rates, and costs are based on the local market. The results indicate a net current cost of $106,117.90 and a levelized cost of energy of $0.0959/kWh, with a reduction in CO2 emissions by 594 kg/day. The system delivers 98 % RF with 4 kWh/m2/day medium solar radiation and 4 m/s wind speeds, and the ideal investment recovery takes 33 months. On the other hand, generation includes 933 kWh/year in grid buys and 42,488 kWh/year in sold-backs. The PV array generates 5457 kWh annually, the wind turbine produces 40,761 kWh/year, and an additional 939 kWh/year is purchased from the grid. Additionally, hybrid power systems in dairy farms reduce energy consumption by 90 % and increase milk production by 40 %, promoting sustainable agriculture. The findings highlight the importance of adopting RE systems in agricultural operations to achieve both economic and environmental sustainability.