It is normally agreed that medicinal plants and their products are safer than their artificial counterparts; nevertheless, some plant products may show efficacious but have low therapeutic index or safety margin. Carica papaya fruits, leaves, seed and latex are used medicinally for various types of ailments. The Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs nowadays are not useful in all cases because of their side effects which is associated with gastric irritation, bleeding, and ulcers. This study was considered to assess the effectiveness of methanol extract of Carica papaya seeds as compared to the treatment alternative of the Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs which is indomethacin 50mg/kg. Objective: The main objective is to know the effectiveness of the anti-inflammatory effect of the methanolic extract of Carica papaya seeds as compared to the treatment alternative of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory activity-Indomethacin 50mg/kg. Method: The maceration method was used to extract the Carica papaya seeds by using Methanol, two different doses of extract of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg were administered orally after inducing the paw edema using the 1% of carrageenan. Then, the length of the paw edema was measured by using veneer caliper. Results: In the rat paw edema model, 500mg/kg of Carica papaya seeds shows 71.43%, 250mg/kg shows 63.91% and standard Indomethacin 50mg/kg treatment showed 88.72% of percentage inhibition. The results are statistically analyzed using One Way ANNOVA test. Conclusion: Post hoc analysis using Effect Scheffe test shows significant difference between group 1 and group 2, 3 and 4 (p ˂ 0.001) respectively at all time. The results showed it is significant value (p< 0.001) for the Methanolic extract of Carica papaya seeds regardless of its doses.
5-HT3R antagonists such as ondansetron, granisetron and tropisetron have been clinically used to treat nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy patients. However, current study and research revealed novel potentials of these ligands in other diseases like inflammation, Alzheimer's, and drug abuse. Towards utilising these drugs as anti-smoking agents to treat nicotine dependence problem, there are conflicting reports regarding the potential of these ligands in modulating the effects of nicotine in both human and animal behavioural studies. This is complicated by the heterogeneity of 5-HT3R itself, cross regulation between nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor (nAChR) and distinct pharmacological profiles of 5-HT3R antagonists. This review gathered existing studies conducted investigating the potential of "-setron" class of 5-HT3R antagonists in modulating nicotine effects. We proposed that the mechanism where 5-HT3R antagonists mediate the effects of nicotine could be attributed by both direct at 5-HT3R and indirect mechanism in nicotine addiction downstream regulation. The indirect mechanism mediated by the 5-HT3R antagonist could be through α7 nAChR, 5-HT1B receptor (5-HT1BR), 5-HT1C receptor (5-HT1CR), calcineurin activity, p38 MAPK level, PPAR-γ and NF-κβ. Our review suggested that future studies should focus on newer 5-HT3R antagonist with superior pharmacological profile or the one with multitarget action rather than high selectivity at single receptor.