MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantification of the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) in PSPE were done via colourimetric methods; and the determination of the concentrations of four specific phytochemicals (gallic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and quercetin) were done via High- Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
RESULTS: Colourimetric determination of PSPE showed TPC and TFC values of 84.53±9.40 mg GAE/g and 11.96±4.51 mg QE/g, respectively. Additional analysis of the phytochemicals using HPLC revealed that there were 6.45±3.36 g/kg, 5.91±1.07 g/kg, 0.39±0.84 g/kg, and 0.19±0.47 g/kg of caffeic acid, gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin, respectively.
CONCLUSION: The findings show that PSPE contains substantial amounts of caffeic acid, gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin, which may indicate its potential as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipid, and antiviral medicines.
METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis involving 102 MRIs that met the inclusion criteria was obtained and analyzed at the L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1 discs level. For each level, the Kambin triangle was measured. By evaluating those measurements, the viability of this method was determined.
RESULTS: Safe working zone approach angles were consistently getting wider from L3 to S1 levels. It was statistically significant to be wider for the left side for the mean angle of lateral nucleus trajectory at the L4/L5 level and L5/S1. The entry point is at 32, 45, and 55-60 mm from the midline, and the instrument should be directed at 12°, 20°, and 27° medially for the lateral nucleus at L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1, respectively. The center of the nucleus pulposus entry point is at 64, 77, and 85 mm from the midline with a medial inclination of 40°, 47°, and 52°, respectively, for L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1. For the posterior nucleus pulposus, the skin should be pierced 90, 140, and 180 mm from the midline and directed medially at 53°, 61°, and 68°, respectively, for L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1. The posterior annulus fibrosis entry point is 172, 355, and 450 mm with a medial inclination of 69°, 80°, and 84° at L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1, respectively. The sagittal inclination is 3° cephalad at L3/L4, 10° caudally at L4/L5, and 27° caudally at L5/S1.
CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative MRI assessment is important to determine the angle of trajectory for the safe entry point for intradiscal procedure via transforaminal approach.