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  1. Fulltext In vitro and in silico studies of the potential cytotoxic, antioxidant, and HMG CoA reductase inhibitory effects of chitin from Indonesia mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) shells
    Fajriaty I, Fidrianny I, Kurniati NF, Fauzi NM, Mustafa SH, Adnyana IK
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2024 May;31(5):103964.
    PMID: 38500815 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103964
    This study aimed to characterize chitin extracted from Indonesia mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) shells, as well as to assess its in vitro cytotoxic, antioxidant, and HMG CoA reductase inhibitory potentials. In silico molecular docking, molecular dynamic, and ADMET prediction analyses were also carried out. Chitin was extracted from mangrove crab shells using deproteination and demineralization processes, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) characterization are then performed. The MTT method was further tested in a study of cell viability, while in vitro method was used to assess HMG CoA reductase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The extracted chitin was found to have a moderate level of cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. In vitro studies showed that it has an IC50 of 36,65 ± 0,082 μg/mL as an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, and decreased enzyme activity by 68.733 % at 100 μg/mL as a concentration. Furthermore, in the in silico study, chitin showed a strong affinity to several targets, including HMG CoA reductase, HMG synthase, LDL receptor, PPAR-alfa, and HCAR-2 with binding energies of -5.7; -5.8; -3.6; -5.6; -4.6 kcal/mol, respectively. Based on the ADMET properties, it had non-toxic molecules, which were absorbed and distributed across the blood-brain barrier. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation also showed that it remained stable in the active sites of HMG CoA reductase receptor for 100 ns. These results indicated that chitin from Indonesian mangrove crab shells can be used to develop more potent HMG CoA reductase inhibitor with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities for effective dyslipidemia therapy.
  2. Fulltext Vegetation-edaphic correlation and importance value index in himalayan 'ecotone' temperate conifer forest using the multivariate technique
    Ali F, Zeb M, Amin M, Rajpar MN, Hidayat S, Khan WR
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2024 May;31(5):103983.
    PMID: 38590389 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103983
    Himalayan 'Ecotone' temperate conifer forest is the cradle of life for human survival and wildlife existence. In spite of the importance of these areas, they have not been studied in depth. This study aimed to quantify the floristic structure, important value index (IVI), topographic and edaphic variables between 2019 and 2020 utilizing circular quadrant method (10 m x 10 m). The upper-storey layer consisted of 17 tree species belongs to 12 families and 9 orders. Middle-storey shrubs comprised of 23 species representing 14 families and 12 orders. A total of 43 species of herbs, grasses, and ferns were identified from the ground-storey layer, representing 25 families and 21 orders. Upper-storey vegetation structure was dominated by Pinus roxburghii (22.45 %) and middle-storey by Dodonaea viscosa (7.69 %). However, the ground layer vegetation was diverse in species composition (43 species) and distribution. The floral vegetation structure was encompassing of three floral communities which were diverse in IVI, such as, in Piro-Aial (Group 2), Pinus roxburghii (54.46 x 15.94) had the highest IVI value, followed by Pinus wallichiana (45.21 x 14.85) in Piwa-Quin (Group 3) and Ailanthus altissima (22.84 x 19.25) in Aial-Qugal (Group 1). However, the IVI values for Aesculus indica, Celtis australis, and Quercus incana in Aial-Qugal (Group 1) were not determined due to low detection rate. Nevertheless, eleven of these species showed 0 IVI values in Piro-Aial (Group 2) and Piwa-Quin (Group 3). CCA ordination biplot illustrated the significant differences among floral communities and its distribution, which impacted by temperature, rainfall, soil pH, altitude, and topographic features. Ward's agglomerative clustering finding reflected 'Ecotone' temperate conifer forest is rich and diverse floristic structure.
  3. Fulltext Marine polychaete Namalycastis sp. extracts enhance proliferation and regeneration of mice 3T3 fibroblast and MCR-5 human fibroblast cells
    Ghazaly MM, Lee GE, Shaipulah NFM, Ibrahim YS, Mohammed A
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2024 Jan;31(1):103883.
    PMID: 38125737 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103883
    The Nereidid worm is a marine polychaete commonly found near the Nipa palm (Nypa fructicans) along the mangrove estuary. Recently, many usages have been documented for this polychaete family. Nevertheless, the true potentials of these marine worms, especially Namalycastis sp., from the medical perspective are still unknown. The current study investigated the cytotoxicity effect of Namalycastis sp. crude extracts on mice 3T3 fibroblast cells and human lung MRC-5 fibroblast cells. Thirteen concentrations (2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 63 µg/mL and 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 mg/mL) of the extracts were used as a treatment for 24 h, and cell viability was measured via the MTT assay. None of the 13 concentrations of Namalycastis sp. crude extracts showed cytotoxicity effects on the cell types investigated. However, based on the live images captured by the IncuCyte™ imaging system, the cells treated with Namalycastis sp. crude extracts showed an increased proliferation and growth rate in less than 10 h Furthermore, the extract concentration of 8 µg/mL induced the highest cell proliferation rate whereas 8 mg/mL led to the lowest cell proliferation rate following the treatment. Overall, Namalycastis sp. crude extracts were non-toxic on mice and human cells within the tested concentrations set. Still, it increased cell viability and proliferation compared with the control. This finding could pave the way for an alternative therapeutic strategy to treat debilitating disorders such as ageing, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases.
  4. Effect of indomethacin on embryo implantation and histomorphology of uterus, ovary, kidney, and liver of rats
    Amir M, Yimer N, Hiew M, Yusoff SM, Hussen B, Quddus A
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2023 Dec;30(12):103837.
    PMID: 37964780 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103837
    BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the effects of Indomethacin (IMC) treatment on embryo implantation and histomorphology of uterus, ovary, and other vital organs and its effective dosage in establishing embryo implantation dysfunction model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experiments were performed on 24 (6 × 4 groups) adult female SD rats aged 12 weeks old. G1 was the control group and received a normal diet with normal saline. However, on pregnancy days 3 (Pd3) and 4 (Pd4), G2, G3, and G4 were given normal saline and subcutaneously administered IMC twice daily at different doses of 4.33, 4.66 and 5.00 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The rats were euthanized on day 8 of pregnancy (Pd8). The uterus was excised and examined for signs of pregnancy, followed by tissue samples from liver, kidney, and ovary (for histomorphological examination using haematoxylin and eosin stain).

    RESULTS: All IMC treatment doses disrupted the implantation process and caused a significant reduction in embryo development. Analysis for histopathological changes revealed that IMC doses above 4.33 mg/kg body weight caused more adverse reproductive health effects in rats. Vasoconstriction and micro vascularization were detected in the liver, while degenerative Bowman's capsules and inflammatory cells were observed in kidney sections from IMC-treated rats.

    CONCLUSION: IMC therapy interfered with implantation and embryo development in rats, resulting in significant uterine vasoconstriction and atrophy, 4.33 mg/kg bwt dose appeared to be optimum to establish embryo implantation dysfunction in SD rats.

  5. Sustainable aquafeed development: Incorporating select fruit wastes into Zebrafish diets using mathematical model-based approach
    Ibrahim RA, Aizam NAH, Liew HJ, Din NS, Mubarak A
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2023 Nov;30(11):103834.
    PMID: 37885611 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103834
    Expensive aquafeed is a major problem in aquaculture, creating the need for a low-cost feed that provides ideal nutritional requirement to maximize growth performances. This study aims to formulate and evaluate two new optimized Zebrafish feeds (F1 and F2) using linear programming mathematical model, one of which incorporates two pigment rich fruit wastes (Pitaya peel and Roselle calyx) in the formulation. The model represents nutritional content and cost of each ingredient into linear equations, with the goal of finding ideal combination that satisfies the specific nutrient requirements. By systematically evaluating ingredient proportions, linear programming ensures that Zebrafish receives adequate nutrients at the lowest possible cost, making the feed development process more efficient and cost-effective. The novel feed formulations derived from the mathematical model were tested on the growth and pigmentation of Zebrafish in comparison to a commercial feed (control). Feed intake of F1 and F2 were generally found to be similar to the control feed, indicating the acceptability of the formulated feeds by the Zebrafish. Body weight and length of Zebrafish fed with F1 and F2 were comparable to Zebrafish fed with control feed (p > 0.05). Similarly, Zebrafish fed with F1 and F2 showed no significant differences in pigment intensity compared to Zebrafish fed with control feed (p > 0.05). The survival rate of fishes in all feeding groups were greater than 70 % with no significant differences (p > 0.05). Results obtained in this study illustrated the potential of mathematic linear programming and effectiveness of utilising pigment-rich fruit wastes in formulating an optimized economic aquafeed.
  6. Fulltext Botanicals against some important nematodal diseases: Ascariasis and hookworm infections
    Ramlal A, Nautiyal A, Kumar J, Mishra V, Sogan N, Nasser B Singab A
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2023 Nov;30(11):103814.
    PMID: 37841664 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103814
    Ascariasis and intestinal parasitic nematodes are the leading cause of mass mortality infecting many people across the globe. In light of the various deleterious side effects of modern chemical-based allopathic drugs, our preferences have currently shifted towards the use of traditional plant-based drugs or botanicals for treating diseases. The defensive propensities in the botanicals against parasites have probably evolved during their co-habitation with parasites, humans and plants in nature and hence their combative interference in one another's defensive mechanisms has occurred naturally ultimately being very effective in treating diseases. This article broadly outlines the utility of plant-based compounds or botanicals prepared from various medicinal herbs that have the potential to be developed as effective therapies against the important parasites causing ascariasis and intestinal hookworm infections leading to ascariasis & infections and thereby human mortality, wherein allopathic treatments are less effective and causes enormous side-effects.
  7. Fulltext Identification of key biomarkers and associated pathways of pancreatic cancer using integrated transcriptomic and gene network analysis
    Rambabu M, Konageni N, Vasudevan K, Dasegowda KR, Gokul A, Jayanthi S, et al.
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2023 Nov;30(11):103819.
    PMID: 37860809 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103819
    Pancreatic cancer shows malignancy around the world standing in 4th position for causing death globally. This cancer is majorly divided into exocrine and neuroendocrine where exocrine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is observed to be nearly 85% of cases. The lack of diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is considered to be one of the major drawbacks to the prognosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer patients. The survival rate after diagnosis is very low, due to the higher incidence of drug resistance to cancer which leads to an increase in the mortality rate. The transcriptome analysis for pancreatic cancer involves dataset collection from the ENA database, incorporating them into quality control analysis to the quantification process to get the summarized read counts present in collected samples and used for further differential gene expression analysis using the DESeq2 package. Additionally, explore the enriched pathways using GSEA software and represented them by utilizing the enrichment map finally, the gene network has been constructed by Cytoscape software. Furthermore, explored the hub genes that are present in the particular pathways and how they are interconnected from one pathway to another has been analyzed. Finally, we identified the CDKN1A, IL6, and MYC genes and their associated pathways can be better biomarker for the clinical processes to increase the survival rate of of pancreatic cancer.
  8. Physiological, haematological and electroencephalographic responses to heat stress in Katjang and Boer goats
    Syafiqa NN, Zulkifli I, Zuki ABM, Meng Goh Y, Kaka U
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2023 Nov;30(11):103836.
    PMID: 37920797 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103836
    The present study aimed to determine the effect of repeated heat stress on serum levels of cortisol (CORT), acute phase proteins (APP) and heat shock protein (HSP) 70, haematological indicators, and electroencephalographic (EEG) response in the native Katjang and exotic Boer goats. Six female Katjang (15.7 kg ± 0.68) and six female Boer (16.8 kg ± 1.16) goats aged 5 to 6 months old were exposed to 38 ± 1℃ for 8 h, and the procedure was repeated at three different weeks (weeks 1, 2 and 3). Measurements of rectal temperatures and EEG activity and collection of blood samples were conducted before heat exposure (0 h), immediately after the heat exposure (8 h), and 8 h after completion of heat exposure (16 h) (recovery period). The current results revealed that the Boer animals had significantly higher rectal temperatures (RT), haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) counts than their Kajang counterparts. There were significant breed × stage of heat treatment (SHT) × week of heat treatment (WHT) interactions for neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios (NLR). In general, the Katjang animals had elevated NLR compared to those of Boer. The Boer goats had reduced capacity to express serum HSP70 compared to their Katjang counterparts following the heat challenge at week 3. Boer goats demonstrated higher delta waves than the Katjang group, which suggested the former were more stressed following the heat exposure. Breed had a negligible effect on CORT, APP, WBC counts and backfat thickness. Our findings suggested that the Katjang breed, as measured by RT, HB and PCV count, and EEG activity, could be more tolerant to heat stress than Boer. The Katjang goats showed higher HSP70 expression than their Boer counterparts, suggesting improved thermoregulation in the former.
  9. Fulltext Interleukin-35 and Thymoquinone nanoparticle-based intervention for liver protection against paracetamol-induced liver injury in rats
    Abduh MS, Saghir SAM, Al-Gabri NA, Ahmeda AF, Abdelkarim M, Aldaqal SM, et al.
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2023 Oct;30(10):103806.
    PMID: 37766887 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103806
    Paracetamol (PAR) is a commonly used antipyretic and analgesic agent, but its excessive usage can induce liver damage and major health consequences. Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is utilized to treat immunological disorders, intestinal illness, arthritis, allergic disease, hepatitis, and cancer. Thymoquinone (THYO) is also effective against a wide range of disorders. Consequently, this study sought out to explore the ameliorative effects of IL-35 and THYO against PAR-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sixty male rats were separated into six groups (10 rats/group): I control (0.5 mL NaCl, 0.9%/rat via oral gavage); II (IL-35), and III (TYHO) received intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of IL-35 (200 ng/kg) or THYO (0.5 mg/kg), respectively. Group IV (PAR) received 600 mg/kg of PAR orally; V (PAR + IL-35) and VI (PAR + TYHO); rats received 600 mg/kg of PAR orally and i.p injection of IL-35 (200 ng/kg) or THYO (0.5 mg/kg), respectively. Administration of IL-35 or THYO markedly mitigated the increasing in the levels of liver parameters triggered by PAR and noticeable enhancement of antioxidant and immunological markers were observed. Additionally, IL-35 or THYO decreased TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-10, IL-6 and IFN-γ in contrast to the PAR control group. Moreover, levels of Capase-3, and cytochrome C were significantly reduced by THYO or IL35, while, levels of Bcl-2 were markedly increased. Furthermore, significant downregulation of IL1-β, TNF-α, TGF-β, and Caspas-3 genes, as well as significant upregulation of Bcl-2 and IL-10 expression were detected. In conclusion, IL-35 and THYO insulated liver from PAR toxicity by mitigating oxidative stress, tissue damage, inflammation, and apoptosis.
  10. Fulltext A comprehensive review of cystic fibrosis in Africa and Asia
    Abubakar Bobbo K, Ahmad U, Chau DM, Nordin N, Abdullah S
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2023 Jul;30(7):103685.
    PMID: 37313453 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103685
    Cystic fibrosis (CF) was earlier thought to be a disease prevalent in the West among Caucasians. However, quite a number of recent studies have uncovered CF cases outside of this region, and reported hundreds of unique and novel variant forms of CFTR. Here, we discuss the evidence of CF in parts of the world earlier considered to be rare; Africa, and Asia. This review also highlighted the CFTR mutation variations and new mutations discovered in these regions. This discovery implies that the CF data from these regions were earlier underestimated. The inadequate awareness of the disease in these regions might have contributed towards the poor diagnostic facilities, under-diagnosis or/and under-reporting, and the lack of CF associated health policies. Overall, these regions have a high rate of infant, childhood and early adulthood mortality due to CF. Therefore, there is a need for a thorough investigation of CF prevalence and to identify unique and novel variant mutations within these regions in order to formulate intervention plans, create awareness, develop mutation specific screening kits and therapies to keep CF mortality at bay.
  11. Fulltext Antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
    Ali Alghamdi B, Al-Johani I, Al-Shamrani JM, Musamed Alshamrani H, Al-Otaibi BG, Almazmomi K, et al.
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2023 Apr;30(4):103604.
    PMID: 36936699 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103604
    In the medical community, antibiotics are revered as a miracle because they stop diseases brought on by pathogenic bacteria. Antibiotics have become the cornerstone of contemporary medical advancements ever since penicillin was discovered. Antibiotic resistance developed among germs quickly, placing a strain in the medical field. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Since 1961, has emerged as the major general antimicrobial resistant bacteria (AMR) worldwide. MRSA can easily transmit across the hospital system and has mostly gained resistance to medications called beta-lactamases. This enzyme destroys the cell wall of beta-lactam antibiotics resulting in resistance against that respective antibiotic. Daptomycin, linezolid and vancomycin were previously used to treat MRSA infections. However, due to mutations and Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Open reading frames (ORFs) and SCCmec machinery of respective antibody, MRSA developed resistance against those antibiotics. The MRSA strains (USA300, CC398, CC130 etc.), when their pan-genomes were analyzed were found the genes involved in invoking resistance against the antibiotics as well as the epidemiology of that respective strain. PENC (penicillin plus potassium clavulanate) is the new antibiotic showing potential in treatment of MRSA though it is itself resistant against penicillin alone. In this review, our main focus is on mechanism of development of AMR in MRSA, how different ORFs are involved in evoking resistance in MRSA and what is the core-genome of different antimicrobial resistant MRSA.
  12. Fulltext Conventional methods and future trends in antimicrobial susceptibility testing
    Salam MA, Al-Amin MY, Pawar JS, Akhter N, Lucy IB
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2023 Mar;30(3):103582.
    PMID: 36852413 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103582
    Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is an essential task for selecting appropriate antimicrobial agents to treat infectious diseases. Constant evolution has been observed in methods used in the diagnostic microbiology laboratories. Disc diffusion or broth microdilution are classical and conventional phenotypic methods with long turnaround time and labour-intensive but still widely practiced as gold-standard. Scientists are striving to develop innovative, novel and faster methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing to be applicable for routine microbiological laboratory practice and research. To meet the requirements, there is an increasing trend towards automation, genotypic and micro/nano technology-based innovations. Automation in detection systems and integration of computers for online data analysis and data sharing are giant leaps towards versatile nature of automated methods currently in use. Genotypic methods detect a specific genetic marker associated with resistant phenotypes using molecular amplification techniques and genome sequencing. Microfluidics and microdroplets are recent addition in the continuous advancement of methods that show great promises with regards to safety and speed and have the prospect to identify and monitor resistance mechanisms. Although genotypic and microfluidics methods have many exciting features, however, their applications into routine clinical laboratory practice warrant extensive validation. The main impetus behind the evolution of methods in antimicrobial susceptibility testing is to shorten the overall turnaround time in obtaining the results and to enhance the ease of sample processing. This comprehensive narrative review summarises major conventional phenotypic methods and automated systems currently in use, and highlights principles of some of the emerging genotypic and micro/nanotechnology-based methods in antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
  13. Fulltext A comprehensive perspective of traditional Arabic or Islamic medicinal plants as an adjuvant therapy against COVID-19
    Ahmed SI, Jamil S, Ismatullah H, Hussain R, Bibi S, Khandaker MU, et al.
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2023 Mar;30(3):103561.
    PMID: 36684115 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103561
    COVID-19 is a pulmonary disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. More than 200 million individuals are infected by this globally. Pyrexia, coughing, shortness of breath, headaches, diarrhoea, sore throats, and body aches are among the typical symptoms of COVID-19. The virus enters into the host body by interacting with the ACE2 receptor. Despite many SARS-CoV-2 vaccines manufactured by distinct strategies but any evidence-based particular medication to combat COVID-19 is not available yet. However, further research is required to determine the safety and effectiveness profile of the present therapeutic approaches. In this study, we provide a summary of Traditional Arabic or Islamic medicinal (TAIM) plants' historical use and their present role as adjuvant therapy for COVID-19. Herein, six medicinal plants Aloe barbadensis Miller, Olea europaea, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Nigella sativa, Cassia angustifolia, and Ficus carica have been studied based upon their pharmacological activities against viral infections. These plants include phytochemicals that have antiviral, immunomodulatory, antiasthmatic, antipyretic, and antitussive properties. These bioactive substances could be employed to control symptoms and enhance the development of a possible COVID-19 medicinal synthesis. To determine whether or if these TAIMs may be used as adjuvant therapy and are appropriate, a detailed evaluation is advised.
  14. Fulltext Insecticide susceptibility status in two medically important mosquito vectors, Anopheles gambiae, and Culex quinquefasciatus to three insecticides commonly used in Niger State, Nigeria
    Kura Shehu I, Ahmad HB, Kayode Olayemi I, Solomon D, Hassan Ahmad A, Salim H
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2023 Feb;30(2):103524.
    PMID: 36660609 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103524
    High resistance ability on insecticides among major mosquito vectors of diseases in Nigeria is of growing concern for severe control strategies. The objective of this study was to assess the susceptibility status of females Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus complexes mosquitoes to permethrin (21.5 μg/bottle-pyrethroids), propoxur(12.5 μg/bottle-carbamate) and malathion (50 μg/bottle organophosphate), in Niger State, North-Central, Nigeria. Anopheline and Culecine larvae were collected from the larval habitats of the studied sites (Bosso, Katcha, Lapai, and Shiroro) larvae and pupae were identified guided by standard keys and reared to adults in troughs. Insecticide susceptibility bioassays were performed according to the CDC bottle bioassay standard operating procedures on 3 days old, sugar-fed female Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes. Post-exposure mortality after 24hr and knockdown values for KDT50 were calculated. Knock-down at 1-hour insecticide exposure ranged (84-96 %) permethrin, (94-100 %) propoxur and (100 %) malathion for An. gambiae and (86-97 %) permethrin, (92-100 %) propoxur and (96-100 %) malathion for Cx. quinquefasciatus. Mortality, after 24hr post-exposure was 100 % in malathion, indicating the high effect of the insecticide. Tested samples were found potentially resistant to permethrin recorded against mosquitoes collected from all study sites, in two locations of the study sites to propoxur and one location site to malathion. All the tested mosquitoes were found to be potentially resistant to permethrin, however, mosquitoes tested in Katcha and Shiroro resist potentially to propoxur. Except, Culex quinqufasciatus from Lapai that partially resist malathion, all the tested mosquitoes were found to be susceptible to malathion, across the study sites.
  15. Fulltext Scientific and Islamic perspectives in relation to the Halal status of cultured meat
    Izhar Ariff Mohd Kashim M, Abdul Haris AA, Abd Mutalib S, Anuar N, Shahimi S
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2023 Jan;30(1):103501.
    PMID: 36466219 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103501
    Cultured meat is meat produced from stem cell biopsies of cattle. Stem cells were cultured in a bioreactor in the presence of serum to grow the flesh to maturity. Cultured meat technology originated from regenerative medical technology; however, it has been given a new lease of life to produce cultured meat as an innovative food source in the future without involving cattle breeding. This technology can reduce the negative environmental impacts of global warming, water use, soil, and unethical handling of animals. In the excitement of accepting this new technology, the halal status of cultured meat is in question, as it can be produced from embryonic stem cells and myosatellite cells, each of which can be disputed for their halal status. Additionally, the process of culturing and maturation of stem cells involves the use of an impure medium derived from animal blood. Thus, cultured meat is acceptable to Muslims only if the stem cells, medium and scaffold biomaterials used to manufacture it are from Halal sources and shall be in line with the six principles discussed in this study. The discussion is based on Halal and haram animals; Animal slaughtering; Not derived from a source of najs (impurity); Istihalah tammah (perfect substance change); Maslahah (public interest or benefit) and mafsadah (damage); and Darurat (exigency) of cultured meat)).
  16. Fulltext Effect of feeding pineapple waste on growth performance, texture quality and flesh colour of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings
    Anis Mohamad Sukri S, Andu Y, Tuan Harith Z, Sarijan S, Naim Firdaus Pauzi M, Seong Wei L, et al.
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2022 Apr;29(4):2514-2519.
    PMID: 35531242 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.027
    The study aims to evaluate the effects of pineapples waste on the growth, texture quality and flesh colour of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Fingerlings were fed with four different levels of pineapple waste diets throughout 56 days, which contain a control group (Diet 1) and experimental diets that formulated with 10% (Diet 2), 20% (Diet 3) and 30% (Diet 4) of pineapple waste. The experimental diet was formulated with rice bran, fish meal, soybean meal, vitamin and mineral premix, vegetable oil and binder to attain 32% dietary protein. The results revealed that the formulated fish diet with pineapple waste given the optimum weight gain, weight gain percentage, specific growth rate than the control group, where Diet 4 has shown the highest value (p 
  17. Fulltext Analysis of OCT1, OCT2 and OCT3 gene polymorphisms among Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects in Indian ethnicity, Malaysia
    Ghasan Abood Al-Ashoor S, Ramachandran V, Inche Mat LN, Mohamad NA, Mohamed MH, Wan Sulaiman WA
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2022 Jan;29(1):453-459.
    PMID: 35002441 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.008
    Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder. It is a major non-communicable disease affecting 463 million people globally in 2019 and is expected to be double to about 700 million by 2045. The majority are Asians with Indian ethnicity in Malaysia reported as the highest prevalence of T2DM. Cardiovascular disease, renal failure, blindness and neuropathy, as well as premature death are the known morbidity and mortality resulted from T2DM. T2DM is characterized by the dysfunctional insulin physiology that causes reduction of glucose transport into the cells which lead to hyperglycaemia. Hence, one of the important treatments is an oral antidiabetic drug that lowers the serum glucose level in patients with T2DM. This drug will be transported across cell membranes by organic cation transporters (OCT). Therefore, it is important to identify the OCT candidate gene polymorphisms related to T2DM especially among the Indian ethnicity in Malaysia.

    Methods: Blood samples were collected from 132 T2DM patients and 133 controls. Genotyping of OCT1 (rs628031), OCT2 (rs145450955), OCT3 (rs3088442 and rs2292334) was performed using (PCR-RFLP).

    Results: No association was observed for genotypic and allelic distributions in all the gene polymorphisms of OCT genes (P > 0.05). However, a logistic regression analysis stratified by gender in a dominant model showed a significant difference for OCT3 among males with T2DM (P = 0.006). Significant association was also observed for OCT3 when stratified to subjects aged > 45 years old (P = 0.009).

    Conclusion: Based on these findings, the association of OCT3 (rs2292334) could be considered as a possible genetic risk factor for the development of T2DM among Indian males alone.

  18. Fulltext Sustainable phosphorous management in two different soil series of Pakistan by evaluating dynamics of phosphatic fertilizer source
    Aimen A, Basit A, Bashir S, Aslam Z, Shahid MF, Amjad S, et al.
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2022 Jan;29(1):255-260.
    PMID: 35002416 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.086
    Phosphorous (P) plays the prominent role to promote the plants storage functions and structural roles, as it is recognized as a vital component of ADP, ATP, Cell wall as well as a part of DNA. Soils acts as the sink to supply P to plants because soil pH and its physical condition are the main factor which regulate the solubility and availability P element. Phosphorus is not deficient in Pakistani soils but its availability to plants is the serious matter of concern. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate P dynamics in two different soil series of Pakistan (Bahawalpur and Lyallpur) using Maize as test crop. The treatments applied were T0: Control (without any fertilizer), T1: Recommended DAP @648 mg pot-1, T2: Half dose DAP @324 mg pot-1, T3: Recommended rate of TSP @900 mg pot-1, T4: Half dose TSP @450 mg pot-1. Soil analysis showed that Bahawalpur soil has sandy clay loam texture with 33% clay and Lyallpur series has sandy loam texture with 15.5% clay; furthermore, these soil contain 4.6 and 2.12% CaCO3 respectively. Results showed an increase in P concentration in roots (23 mg kg-1) with the application of half dose of TSP in Lyallpur series and lowest in Bahawalpur series (14.6 mg kg-1) at recommended dose of DAP. Concentration of P in shoots responded the same; increase at half dose of TSP (16.7 mg kg-1) and lowest at full dose of DAP in Bahawalpur series as (15.58 mg kg-1). Adsorbed P (17 mg kg-1) was recorded highest in Bahawalpur soil with more clay amount in pot with DAP application but lower in Lyallpur soil series (14 mg kg-1) with the application of applied TSP. The PUE was recorded highest in Lyallpur series with the application of half dose of TSP and it was 61% more than control and was Highest in Bahawalpur series was with the application of recommended dose of DAP is 72% more than control treatment. On estimation; results showed that applied sources made an increase in P availability than control, but TSP gave better P uptake than DAP unless of rates applied. Soil of Lyallpur series showed better uptake of P and response to applied fertilizers than Bahawalpur series which showed more adsorption of P by high clay and CaCO3 amount. Conclusively, the study suggested that soil series play a crucial role in choosing fertilizer source for field application.
  19. Fulltext Growth performance, haematological assessment and chemical composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) fed different levels of Aloe vera extract as feed additives in a closed aquaculture system
    Syed R, Masood Z, Ul Hassan H, Khan W, Mushtaq S, Ali A, et al.
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2022 Jan;29(1):296-303.
    PMID: 35002422 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.098
    A 105-day experimental trial was conducted to assess different levels of dietary Aleo vera extract supplementation on water quality parameters, proximate composition, growth performance and haematological parameters of fry Oreochromis niloticus. Four different percentages of dietary leaf extract powder of Aleo vera (ALE) with a basal feed, designated as, i.e., T0 (Control group; without ALE), T1 (1% ALE), T2 (2% ALE), and T3 (3% ALE). Fish fry was reared in concrete tanks (7.0 m, 1.6 m, 1.0: L, W, H; water volume 11.2 m3/tank), with an average initial weight 4.04 ± 0.03 g/ fry, and each treatment was triplicated. Fry was randomly distributed at a stocking rate of 450 individuals/ tanks. The water quality parameters revealed that temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrates were found in a promising range as given by FAO/WHO limits. However, the record values obtained for Electric Conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), and alkalinities were not found in all tanks' suitable range according to FAO/WHO limits. The results revealed a significant impact of different percentages of dietary ALE supplementation on fry's body composition and haematological parameters. Moreover, the final body weight, final body length, average daily weight gain (g), net weight gain (g) and specific growth rate (%) were significantly higher (p 
  20. Fulltext On the snow leopard Trails: Occupancy pattern and implications for management in the Pamir
    Din JU, Hameed S, Ali H, Norma-Rashid Y, Hasan Adli DS, Nawaz MA
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2022 Jan;29(1):197-203.
    PMID: 35002409 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.071
    The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits one of the most challenging environments on Earth, referred to as the 'third pole'. Only a fraction of its vast range has been explored thus far, owing to myriad of barriers inflicted by the remote terrain and socio-ecological realities of the landscapes. Understanding distribution patterns of species is essential to devise practical management measures. This study aimed to understand the distribution pattern and factors influencing occupancy of snow leopard in the Pamir Mountain range through sign-based occupancy modelling. Our study confirmed that the Pamir range is a snow leopard stronghold, with occupancy estimated at 0.57 ± 0.02. The topographic features positively influenced the detection probability (p = 0.37 ± 0.005) of snow leopards. Occupancy was influenced by mean annual precipitation (β = -6.12 ± 1.8), density of roads (β = -1.61 ± 0.6) and water sources (β = 0.74 ± 0.4). Our findings underpin that sign-based distribution surveys provide vigorous scientific knowledge about elusive species and merit replication being used for other species. We propose to redefine the protected area boundaries based on ecological knowledge and encourage transboundary cooperation to safeguard snow leopards at a landscape scale.
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