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Fulltext Let There Be Light-Digital Eye Strain (DES) in Children as a Shadow Pandemic in the Era of COVID-19: A Mini Review

Bhattacharya S, Heidler P, Saleem SM, Marzo RR

Front Public Health, 2022;10:945082.
PMID: 36033797 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.945082

INTRODUCTION: Digital eye strain, which is often ignored by the public, has emerged as a "Shadow Pandemic" in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic.
AIM: The current paper is aimed at discussing the ill effect of digital screens on eyes in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODOLOGY: A literature search was done using "PubMed," "Google scholar", and "Scopus" using key terms like "Digital Eye Strain," "Eyestrain," or "Computer Vision Syndrome." Relevant articles were identified and included to support the argument for this narrative review.
RESULTS: Studies conducted in the UK reported that 68% of children extensively use computers, while 54% undertake online activities after the age of 3. Similar studies estimated 4 h and 45 min per day of screen exposure time among adults in the UK. Indian studies reveal that the prevalence of DES is 69% in adults and 50% in children respectively. Indian ophthalmologists found that computer-using and specialized ophthalmologists were more informed of symptoms and diagnostic signs but were misinformed about treatment modalities. The use of social media and multitasking is particularly prominent among younger adults, with 87% of individuals aged 20-29 years reporting the use of two or more digital devices simultaneously. It has been observed that the use of computer glasses corrects refractive errors and helps in the reduction of symptoms, while precision spectral filters help in reducing symptoms of micro-fluctuation of accommodation.
CONCLUSION: We concluded that DES is emerging globally as a "Shadow Pandemic" and it is high time to respond. Community ophthalmologists, public health authorities, and educational sectors especially should be involved to prevent this.

Matched MeSH terms: Asthenopia*
The effects of long-term VDT usage on the nature and incidence of asthenopic symptoms

Yeow PT, Taylor SP

Appl Ergon, 1990 Dec;21(4):285-93.
PMID: 15676784

An opportunity arose in 1985 to become involved in a transition of working practice from hard copy to VDT. Over a two-year period, 161 VDT users and 65 control subjects in the same office environment were regularly and routinely examined for symptoms of asthenopia. The analysis of data shows that there are no significant differences in type, number and frequency of the work-related symptoms between VDT users and non-VDT users. It appears that reporting of symptoms within the group may be random, although certain symptoms do appear more frequently than others. Additionally, it appears that there is a significant difference between male and female users in the frequency of symptom reporting.

Matched MeSH terms: Asthenopia
Fulltext Computer vision syndrome: a study of knowledge and practices in university students

Reddy SC, Low CK, Lim YP, Low LL, Mardina F, Nursaleha MP

Nepal J Ophthalmol, 2013 Jul-Dec;5(2):161-8.
PMID: 24172549 DOI: 10.3126/nepjoph.v5i2.8707

INTRODUCTION: Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a condition in which a person experiences one or more of eye symptoms as a result of prolonged working on a computer.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of CVS symptoms, knowledge and practices of computer use in students studying in different universities in Malaysia, and to evaluate the association of various factors in computer use with the occurrence of symptoms.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a cross sectional, questionnaire survey study, data was collected in college students regarding the demography, use of spectacles, duration of daily continuous use of computer, symptoms of CVS, preventive measures taken to reduce the symptoms, use of radiation filter on the computer screen, and lighting in the room.
RESULTS: A total of 795 students, aged between 18 and 25 years, from five universities in Malaysia were surveyed. The prevalence of symptoms of CVS (one or more) was found to be 89.9%; the most disturbing symptom was headache (19.7%) followed by eye strain (16.4%). Students who used computer for more than 2 hours per day experienced significantly more symptoms of CVS (p=0.0001). Looking at far objects in-between the work was significantly (p=0.0008) associated with less frequency of CVS symptoms. The use of radiation filter on the screen (p=0.6777) did not help in reducing the CVS symptoms.
CONCLUSION: Ninety percent of university students in Malaysia experienced symptoms related to CVS, which was seen more often in those who used computer for more than 2 hours continuously per day.

Matched MeSH terms: Asthenopia/drug therapy; Asthenopia/etiology; Asthenopia/epidemiology*
Fulltext The effect of smartphone usage on accommodation status

Wiki Safarina Narawi, Shaz’ Ain Razak, Nahdiyah Azman

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(2):244-247.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Usage of smartphones have increased rapidly because of its importance in our daily life. This led to an increase in incidence of ocular problems among smartphone users. This research was conducted to determine the effect of smartphone usage on accommodation status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among young adults aged 19 to 30 years old in Management and Science University, Shah Alam. All subjects were asked to use smartphone for 20 minutes. The symptoms and accommodation status were evaluated before and after the smartphone usage. Results: Total subjects showed the mean age of 23.60 ± 2.77 years, 50% (n = 20) were males and 50% (n = 20) were females. The mean smartphone usage per day was 8.60 ± 2.80) hours. After 20 minutes of smartphone usage, subjects complained of tired eyes (92.50%), dry eyes (90.00%), blurred vision (87.50%), and headache (82.50%). Paired t-test showed significant reduction in amplitude of accommodation, monocularly from 9.9 ± 1.9 D to 8.76 ± 2.50 D (p = 0.00), and binocularly from 12.01 ± 1.95 D to 10.96 ± 2.16 D (p = 0.00); monoc- ular accommodative facility from 13.93 ± 3.13 cpm to 11.10 ± 4.32 cpm (p = 0.00) and binocular accommodative facility from 12.70 ± 3.57 cpm to 9.70 ± 4.21 cpm (p = 0.00); positive relative accommodation from -2.72 ± 0.87 D to -2.13 ± 1.28 D (p = 0.00) and increase in lag of accommodation from 0.4 ± 0.26 D to 0.93 ± 0.48 D (p = 0.00). Conclusion: This study shows that there were significance changes on accommodation status after 20 minutes of smartphone usage which can lead to weakness of accommodation.

Matched MeSH terms: Asthenopia