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  1. Reproductive factors influencing bone mineral density in postmenopausal women
    Mohammadi F, Amirzadeh Iranagh J, Motalebi SA, Hamid TA
    Women Health, 2019 02;59(2):145-154.
    PMID: 29400628 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2018.1434592
    This study examined the relationship between reproductive characteristics and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women who had been referred to the menopause clinics of the National Population and Family Development Board and of the Hospital Kuala Lumpur from July 2011 to January 2012. The participants of this study were 201 postmenopausal Malaysian women aged 45-71 years. Some socio-demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors were recorded. Calcaneal BMD was measured by quantitative ultra-sonography. Correlations of reproductive factors with BMD were assessed by Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression analysis. Age at menopause was not significantly correlated with BMD, while the years after menopause, age at the first menstrual period, number of pregnancies, and total lactation periods were inversely correlated with it. Among reproductive factors, only the association between lactation duration and BMD remained significant after adjusting for age, body mass index, activity, and calcium intake. The results indicated that except for prolonged total time of lactation, other reproductive factors were not significantly associated with BMD in postmenopausal women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  2. Assessment of articular cartilage and subchondral bone using EPIC-microCT in Labrador retrievers with incipient medial coronoid disease
    Lau SF, Wolschrijn CF, Siebelt M, Vernooij JC, Voorhout G, Hazewinkel HA
    Vet J, 2013 Oct;198(1):116-21.
    PMID: 23846028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.038
    The aetiopathogenesis of medial coronoid disease (MCD) remains obscure, despite its high prevalence. The role of changes to subchondral bone or articular cartilage is much debated. Although there is evidence of micro-damage to subchondral bone, it is not known whether this is a cause or a consequence of MCD, nor is it known whether articular cartilage is modified in the early stages of the disease. The aim of the present study was to use equilibrium partitioning of an ionic contrast agent with micro-computed tomography (microCT) to investigate changes to both the articular cartilage and the subchondral bone of the medial coronoid processes (MCP) of growing Labrador retrievers at an early stage of the disease and at different bodyweights. Of 14 purpose-bred Labrador retrievers (15-27 weeks), six were diagnosed with bilateral MCD and one was diagnosed with unilateral MCD on the basis of microCT studies. The mean X-ray attenuation of articular cartilage was significantly higher in dogs with MCD than in dogs without MCD (P<0.01). In all dogs, the mean X-ray attenuation of articular cartilage was significantly higher at the lateral (P<0.001) than at the proximal aspect of the MCP, indicating decreased glycosaminoglycan content. Changes in parameters of subchondral bone micro-architecture, namely the ratio of bone volume to tissue volume (BV/TV), bone surface density (BS/TV), bone surface to volume ratio (BS/BV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th; mm), size of marrow cavities described by trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp; mm), and structural model index (SMI), differed significantly by litter (P<0.05) due to the difference in age and weight, but not by the presence/absence of MCD (P>0.05), indicating that subchondral bone density is not affected in early MCD. This study demonstrated that cartilage matrix and not subchondral bone density is affected in the early stages of MCD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density
  3. Fulltext Effect of probiotics supplementation on bone mineral content and bone mass density
    Parvaneh K, Jamaluddin R, Karimi G, Erfani R
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:595962.
    PMID: 24587733 DOI: 10.1155/2014/595962
    A few studies in animals and a study in humans showed a positive effect of probiotic on bone metabolism and bone mass density. Most of the investigated bacteria were Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. The positive results of the probiotics were supported by the high content of dietary calcium and the high amounts of supplemented probiotics. Some of the principal mechanisms include (1) increasing mineral solubility due to production of short chain fatty acids; (2) producing phytase enzyme by bacteria to overcome the effect of mineral depressed by phytate; (3) reducing intestinal inflammation followed by increasing bone mass density; (4) hydrolysing glycoside bond food in the intestines by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. These mechanisms lead to increase bioavailability of the minerals. In conclusion, probiotics showed potential effects on bone metabolism through different mechanisms with outstanding results in the animal model. The results also showed that postmenopausal women who suffered from low bone mass density are potential targets to consume probiotics for increasing mineral bioavailability including calcium and consequently increasing bone mass density.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/drug effects*
  4. Non-uniform decay in jumping exercise-induced bone gains following 12 and 24 weeks of cessation of exercise in rats
    Ooi FK, Singh R, Singh HJ, Umemura Y, Nagasawa S
    J Physiol Sci, 2011 Nov;61(6):487-95.
    PMID: 21870136 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-011-0169-4
    The effects of deconditioning on exercise-induced bone gains in rats were investigated in 12-week-old female WKY rats performing a standard jumping exercise regimen for either 8, 12 or 24 weeks, followed by sedentary periods of either 24, 12 or 0 weeks, respectively. Age-matched controls received no exercise over the same period. At the end of the training/sedentary period, the tibiae were harvested for analyses of bone parameters. Gains in tibial fat-free dry weight decayed within 12 weeks of deconditioning, but gains in tibial ultimate bending force (strength), maximum diameter and cortical area were still present at 12 weeks of deconditioning. With the exception of cortical area, all other exercise-induced bone gains decayed by the 24th week of deconditioning. It appears that the decay in exercise-induced bone gains in strength, physical and morphological properties is not uniform, and that gains in fat-free dry weight seem to decay earlier.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  5. A follow-up study on the effects of a milk supplement on bone mineral density of postmenopausal Chinese women in Malaysia
    Ting GP, Tan SY, Chan SP, Karuthan C, Zaitun Y, Suriah AR, et al.
    J Nutr Health Aging, 2007 Jan-Feb;11(1):69-73.
    PMID: 17315084
    A previous study on a randomized controlled trial in 173 postmenopausal Chinese women in Kuala Lumpur showed that milk supplementation was effective to reduce bone loss at the total body, lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip compared to the control group on a usual diet (Chee et al. 2003).
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/drug effects*; Bone Density Conservation Agents/administration & dosage; Bone Density Conservation Agents/pharmacology*
  6. A model-based bone milling state identification method via force sensing for a robotic surgical system
    Al-Abdullah KI, Lim CP, Najdovski Z, Yassin W
    Int J Med Robot, 2019 Jun;15(3):e1989.
    PMID: 30721570 DOI: 10.1002/rcs.1989
    BACKGROUND: This paper presents a model-based bone milling state identification method that provides intraoperative bone quality information during robotic bone milling. The method helps surgeons identify bone layer transitions during bone milling.

    METHODS: On the basis of a series of bone milling experiments with commercial artificial bones, an artificial neural network force model is developed to estimate the milling force of different bone densities as a function of the milling feed rate and spindle speed. The model estimations are used to identify the bone density at the cutting zone by comparing the actual milling force with the estimated one.

    RESULTS: The verification experiments indicate the ability of the proposed method to distinguish between one cortical and two cancellous bone densities.

    CONCLUSIONS: The significance of the proposed method is that it can be used to discriminate a set of different bone density layers for a range of the milling feed rate and spindle speed.

    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density
  7. Testosterone is associated with age-related changes in bone health status, muscle strength and body composition in men
    Chin KY, Soelaiman IN, Naina Mohamed I, Shahar S, Teng NI, Suhana Mohd Ramli E, et al.
    Aging Male, 2012 Dec;15(4):240-5.
    PMID: 23098182 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2012.724740
    OBJECTIVE: Variations in testosterone levels are associated with several outcomes of aging. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between age-related decline of testosterone levels and changes in bone health status, handgrip strength, body fat percentage and fat-free mass.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 335 Malaysian Chinese and Malay men aged 40 years and above were recruited for this study. Their body compositions, calcaneal speed of sound and handgrip strength were measured and their blood was collected. Linear regression analysis was done to examine the relationship among age, testosterone levels and outcomes of aging.
    RESULTS: The results indicated significant changes in all testosterone measurements, sex hormone binding globulin level, calcaneal speed of sound, handgrip strength, body fat percentage and fat-free mass with age (p < 0.05). Age-dependent decline in bioavailable and free testosterone levels were significantly associated with reduction in calcaneal speed of sound, fat-free mass and handgrip strength (p < 0.05). Age-dependent decline in the total testosterone level was significantly associated with an increase in body fat percentage among the elderly men (p < 0.05).
    CONCLUSION: Testosterone levels are associated with changes in outcome of aging such as bone health status, muscle strength and body composition, and the relationships are age-dependent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  8. The use of selective estrogen receptor modulators on bone health in men
    Wong SK, Mohamad NV, Jayusman PA, Shuid AN, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY
    Aging Male, 2019 Jun;22(2):89-101.
    PMID: 29508640 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1448058
    Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) represent a class of drugs that act as agonist or antagonist for estrogen receptor in a tissue-specific manner. The SERMs drugs are initially used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Bone health in prostate cancer patients has become a significant concern, whereby patients undergo androgen deprivation therapy is often associated with deleterious effects on bone. Previous preclinical and epidemiological findings showed that estrogens play a dominant role in improving bone health as compared to testosterone in men. Therefore, this evidence-based review aims to assess the available evidence derived from animal and human studies on the effects of SERMs on the male skeletal system. The effects of SERMs on bone mineral density (BMD)/content (BMC), bone histomorphometry, bone turnover, bone strength and fracture risk have been summarized in this review.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/drug effects*
  9. Fulltext Bone Mineral Density Assessment in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women: Comparison Between T-Scores by Heel QUS and DXA in HRPZII
    Zaini WM, Md Ariff A
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Oct;67(5):487-90.
    PMID: 23770864 MyJurnal
    This short-term study which was carried out in a small group of pre- and postmenopausal women at Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II (HRPZII) aims to compare between Tscores detected by heel Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) and by Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) of the hip and spine. The prevalence of osteoporosis by heel QUS was 63.3% and up to 16.7% by DXA. Insufficient or weak agreement exists between T-score measurements by heel QUS and axial DXA. Significant correlations were found between measurements of T-scores by both methods, with r values from 0.364 to 0.91. Although some correlation was found, significant discrepancy in the frequency of osteoporosis using different methods and sites is substantial.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density*
  10. Development of a synthetic bone scaffold using porous hydroxyapatite for bone repair
    Mustaffa R, Besar I, Andanastuti M
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Jul;63 Suppl A:95-6.
    PMID: 19025001
    In this study, porous hydroxyapatite (HA) samples were fabricated via sponge techniques with the aid of sago as part of the binder mixture. Development processes for the production of porous bone graft substitutes are studied using polyurethane sponge. To obtain the optimum amount of binder for successful fabrication of porous HA were done. Initially, porous HA powder was synthesized using calcium hydroxide and orthorphosphoric acid. Meanwhile, sago was mixed with PVA in a certain ratio to be used as binder for preparing the porous HA. After a series of investigative tests were conducted to characterize the sintered samples, the use of the sago and polymeric mixture was found to successfully aid the fabrication of porous HA samples. In this investigation, comparison of physical and mechanical characteristics between samples prepared using difference techniques was made.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density
  11. Mineral and physichocemical characterization of cockle (Anadara granosa) shells as an alternative biomaterial for bone tissue engineering
    Hazmi AJ, Zuki AB, Noordin MM, Jalila A, Norimah Y
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Jul;63 Suppl A:93-4.
    PMID: 19025000
    This study was conducted based on the hypothesis that mineral and physicochemical properties of cockle shells similarly resemble the properties of corals (Porites sp.). Hence, the mineral and physicochemical evaluations of cockle shells were conducted to support the aforementioned hypothesis. The results indicated that cockle shells and coral exoskeleton shared similar mineral and physicochemical properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density
  12. Fulltext Osteoporosis: primary prevention in the community
    Loh KY, Shong HK
    Med J Malaysia, 2007 Oct;62(4):355-7; quiz 358.
    PMID: 18551949 MyJurnal
    The incidence of osteoporosis is increasing worldwide. It has great impact on the life of the elderly population. The most significant medical consequence of osteoporosis is fragility fracture which without proper treatment will cause severe medical and psychosocial complications. The overall cost in managing osteoporosis and its related fractures is escalating. Using bone densitometry to measure bone mineral density is useful in the diagnosis of osteoporosis but it is costly and not feasible in the community. Drugs such as estrogen replacement, raloxifene and calcitonin are effective in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis but they are also expensive. Identifying modifiable risk factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, low dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and healthy life style remain strategy in the primary prevention of osteoporosis in the community.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density
  13. Fulltext Palm vitamin eprotects bone against dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in male rats
    Ima Nirwana S, Fakhrurazi H
    Med J Malaysia, 2002 Jun;57(2):136-44.
    PMID: 24326643
    The aim of this study was to determine the effects of palm oil-derived vitamin E on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Three-month old male Wistar rats were adrenalectomised to remove circulating glucocorticoids. The animals were then administered with Dexamethasone 120 µg/kg body weight/day. Treatment with palm vitamin E 60 mg/kg body weight/day was given simultaneously. The results showed that palm vitamin E prevented the loss in regional and whole body bone mineral density seen in the Dexamethasone treated animals. Palm vitamin E improved femoral length and calcium content in the Dexamethasone treated animals. The results confirmed that palm oil-derived vitamin E was effective in preventing glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density
  14. Fulltext Bone mineral densities and hip axis lengths of normal Singapore women
    Ng CED, Sundram F, Mahbub UR, Hoon P
    Med J Malaysia, 1999 Jun;54(2):180-4.
    PMID: 10972027
    This study aims to evaluate the bone mineral densities and hip axis lengths of women in the local population. 227 normal Singapore women of ages 20 to 70 years had evaluation of their bone mineral densities (BMDs) by means of dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The trend of BMDs at the left femoral neck and the lumbar spine remains fairly constant with increasing age until the 45-49 years age-band, beyond which there is a consistent decline. The mean hip axis length is 10.3 cm with a standard deviation of 0.6 cm. In general, the bone mineral densities in the femoral neck and lumbar spine as measured by DXA and the hip axis length of the local population is lower than corresponding figures reported in the Western population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density*
  15. Bone health among older persons in medical clinic: A clinical audit
    Teh CL, Chuah SL, Lee HK, Wan SA, Leong TS, Tan FHS, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2020 03;75(2):191-193.
    PMID: 32281610
    Osteoporosis is commonly underdiagnosed and undertreated. We performed a clinical audit to assess the risk factors and clinical care for osteoporosis among older persons who attended medical clinic during a 4-week period in August 2013. There was a total of 128 patients with a mean age of 73.1±5.8 years, and 20.3%. had a history of fall. Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) scores assessment showed 14.2% and 68.8% had a 10-year risk of major osteoporotic and hip fractures respectively. Only 6.3% underwent Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and 73.4% did not receive any preventive treatment for osteoporosis. Older persons attending medical clinic at high risk of osteoporosis fractures did not receive appropriate screening and treatment. There is a need to improve the suboptimal care for bone health among older persons.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density
  16. Fulltext Steroid-induced osteoporosis--a cause for concern?
    Tan TT, Lau IS, Kong NC, Zainal AG
    Malays J Pathol, 1997 Jun;19(1):27-33.
    PMID: 10879239
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/drug effects; Bone Density/physiology
  17. Fulltext Calculation of free and bioavailable vitamin D and its association with bone mineral density in Malaysian women
    Thambiah SC, Wong TH, Das Gupta E, Radhakrishnan AK, Gun SC, Chembalingam G, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2018 Dec;40(3):287-294.
    PMID: 30580359
    INTRODUCTION: Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels have not been consistently associated with bone mineral density (BMD). It has been suggested that calculation of the free/bioavailable 25(OH)D may correlate better with BMD. We examined this hypothesis in a cohort of Malaysian women.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 77 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 29 controls was performed. Serum 25(OH)D was measured using the Roche Cobas E170 immunoassay. Serum vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) was measured using a monoclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Free/bioavailable 25(OH)D were calculated using both the modified Vermuelen and Bikle formulae.

    RESULTS: Since there were no significant differences between RA patients and controls for VDBP and 25(OH)D, the dataset was analysed as a whole. Calculated free 25(OH)D by Vermeulen was strongly correlated with Bikle (r = 1.00, p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was noted between measured total 25(OH)D with free/bioavailable 25(OH)D (r = 0.607, r = 0.637, respectively, p < 0.001). Median free/bioavailable 25(OH)D values were significantly higher in Chinese compared with Malays and Indians, consistent with their median total 25(OH)D. Similar to total 25(OH)D, the free/bioavailable 25(OH)D did not correlate with BMD.

    CONCLUSION: In this first study of a multiethnic female Malaysian population, free/bioavailable 25(OH)D were found to reflect total 25(OH)D, and was not superior to total 25(OH)D in its correlation with BMD. Should they need to be calculated, the Bikle formula is easier to use but only calculates free 25(OH)D. The Vermuelen formula calculates both free/bioavailable 25(OH)D but is more complex to use.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  18. A comparison of calcium, calcitriol, and alendronate in corticosteroid-treated premenopausal patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
    Yeap SS, Fauzi AR, Kong NC, Halim AG, Soehardy Z, Rahimah I, et al.
    J Rheumatol, 2008 Dec;35(12):2344-7.
    PMID: 19004038 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.080634
    OBJECTIVE: To assess bone mineral density (BMD) changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) undergoing longterm therapy with corticosteroids (CS) while taking calcium, calcitriol, or alendronate. The primary endpoint was BMD changes at 2 years.
    METHODS: Premenopausal SLE patients were randomized into 3 groups according to medication: calcium carbonate 500 mg bd (calcium alone), calcitriol 0.25 microg bd plus calcium carbonate 500 mg bd (calcitriol + calcium), and alendronate 70 mg/week plus calcium carbonate 500 mg bd (alendronate + calcium). BMD was measured at baseline and at the end of the first and second years.
    RESULTS: Ninety-eight patients were recruited. There were 33 patients taking calcium alone, 33 calcitriol + calcium, and 32 alendronate + calcium. On randomization, median duration of CS use was 2.5 years (range 0-20 yrs). Seventy-seven patients (78.6%) completed the study (23 taking calcium alone, 27 calcitriol + calcium, 27 alendronate + calcium). There were no significant differences in mean CS dosages among the 3 groups at the time of BMD measurements. After 2 years, there were no significant changes in BMD in the calcium-alone and calcitriol + calcium groups, apart from a 0.93% (p < 0.001) reduction in total hip BMD in the calcium-alone group. In contrast, the alendronate + calcium group showed significant increases in BMD of 2.69% (p < 0.001) in the lumbar spine and 1.41% (p < 0.001) in total hip.
    CONCLUSION: Both calcium alone and calcitriol + calcium preserved lumbar spine BMD in premenopausal patients with SLE taking longterm CS at 2 years, whereas alendronate + calcium led to increases in BMD in lumbar spine and total hip. Premenopausal women taking CS should be considered for osteoporosis prophylaxis.
    Study site: Outpatient clinics in 2 teaching hospitals in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density*; Bone Density Conservation Agents/therapeutic use*
  19. A biomechanical study comparing plate fixation using unicortical and bicortical screws in transverse metacarpal fracture models subjected to cyclic loading
    Afshar R, Fong TS, Latifi MH, Kanthan SR, Kamarul T
    J Hand Surg Eur Vol, 2012 Jun;37(5):396-401.
    PMID: 22019989 DOI: 10.1177/1753193411424557
    The use of bicortical screws to fix metacarpal fractures has been suggested to provide no added biomechanical advantage over unicortical screw fixation. However, this was only demonstrated in static loading regimes, which may not be representative of biological conditions. The present study was done to determine whether similar outcomes are obtained when cyclic loading is applied. Transverse midshaft osteotomies were created in 20 metacarpals harvested from three cadavers. Fractures were stabilised using 2.0 mm mini fragment plates fixed with either bicortical or unicortical screw fixation. These fixations were tested to failure with a three-point bending cyclic loading protocol using an electromechanical microtester and a 1 kN load cell. The mean load to failure was 370 N (SD 116) for unicortical fixation and 450 N (SD 135) for bicortical fixation. Significant differences between these two constructs were observed. A biomechanical advantage was found when using bicortical screws in metacarpal fracture plating.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density
  20. Associations between ethnicity, body composition, and bone mineral density in a Southeast Asian population
    Yang PL, Lu Y, Khoo CM, Leow MK, Khoo EY, Teo A, et al.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2013 Nov;98(11):4516-23.
    PMID: 24037892 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2454
    Chinese men in Singapore have a higher incidence of hip fractures than Malay and Indian men. We investigated whether there were corresponding ethnic differences in peak bone mineral density (BMD) in young men and whether differences in body composition influenced peak BMD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density*
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