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Veterinary parasitology in Malaysia with reference to cattle problems

Griffiths RB

Med J Malaya, 1966 Jun;20(4):316-20.
PMID: 4224340
Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*
A Malaysian experience with animal disease

Little PB

Can. Vet. J., 1979 Jan;20(1):13-21.
PMID: 761153

The report summarizes a one year period of investigation of death losses in West Malaysian livestock. Lesions and etiological agents are mentioned for cattle, sheep, goats, swine, poultry and companion animals as well as some miscellaneous species. Special observations related to a common paramphistome induced hepatic biliary infestation in cattle, a serious malignant head catarrh outbreak in which possible cattle to cow aerosol transmission occurred. Trismus observed in some cattle with malignant head catarrh was associated with arteriolitis and ganglioneuritis of the V cranial nerve. Parasitic, bacterial, viral toxic and neoplastic diseases are recorded in the various species. The occurrence of fatal chronic fluorosis in laboratory guinea pigs and cerebral nematodiasis in a Thoroughbred racehorse are documented.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology
Serological and bacteriological study of leptospiral infection in a cattle herd in Malaysia

Bahaman AR, Ibrahim AL

Vet Rec, 1986 Sep 27;119(13):325-6.
PMID: 3776042
Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*
Serological prevalence of leptospiral infection in domestic animals in West Malaysia

Bahaman AR, Ibrahim AL, Adam H

Epidemiol Infect, 1987 Oct;99(2):379-92.
PMID: 3678399

A cross-sectional serological survey of domestic animals in West Malaysia revealed that 25.5% of the animals examined had agglutinating antibodies to one or more antigens belonging to Leptospira interrogans. Significant prevalence of infection was observed in cattle (40.5%), buffaloes (31%) and pigs (16%). The Sejroe serogroup was shown to be the principal one involved in cattle and buffaloes, and to a lesser extent the Tarassovi and Pomona serogroups. Evidence of infection in domestic animals by strains bearing the other seven antigens appeared insignificant and was indicative of sporadic infection. A majority of the large (semi-intensive) cattle and buffalo farms demonstrated a high prevalence of leptospiral infection. In both species of domestic animals mentioned above, the prevalence of infection was significantly higher (P = 0.01) in the semi-intensive farms than in the smallholdings. Amongst cattle, the droughtmasters had the highest prevalence whilst the Kedah-Kelantan (an indigenous breed) had the lowest prevalence of leptospiral infection. In general, the temperate breeds of cattle had a significantly (P = 0.01) higher prevalence of infection than local breeds. Leptospiral infection in goats and sheep was shown to be sporadic, and the Pomona serogroup was the principal leptospiral serogroup involved in these small ruminants. The prevalence of infection in pigs was observed to decline during the study period, and it is suspected that pigs in West Malaysia are the maintenance host for serovar pomona whilst cattle are the maintenance host for serovar hardjo. Overall, it appears that domestic animals in Malaysia will play a bigger role in the epidemiology of leptospiral infection with the advent of sophisticated farming.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology
The bacteriological prevalence of leptospiral infection in cattle and buffaloes in West Malaysia

Bahaman AR, Ibrahim AL, Stallman ND, Tinniswood RD

Epidemiol Infect, 1988 Apr;100(2):239-46.
PMID: 3356222

A cross-sectional bacteriological survey of cattle in West Malaysia revealed 14.4% (32/222) had leptospiral infection. Isolates were obtained from all except one herd with prevalence of infection in herds ranging from 0-44.8%. A small number of buffalo urine samples were examined and all of them were found to be negative. A leptospiral isolate obtained from a bovine kidney proved to be a new serovar of Leptospira interrogans and the name unipertama was assigned to it. Six other leptospiral serovars were isolated, namely canicola, australis, javanica, ballum, pomona and hardjo. All six serovars were isolated for the first time in cattle in Malaysia. Cattle in Malaysia appear to be the maintenance host for serovar hardjo. The presence of the other serovars in cattle was probably due to contact with the maintenance hosts, pigs for serovar pomona and rodents for the other three serovars. It appears that the epidemiology of leptospiral infection in cattle in Malaysia is similar to that reported overseas.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*
Seroepidemiological studies of bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia ovata, B. bigemina and B. bovis in Peninsular Malaysia

Chandrawathani P, Tsuji N, Kawazu S, Ishikawa M, Fujisaki K

J Vet Med Sci, 1994 Oct;56(5):929-32.
PMID: 7865596

Cattle in Peninsular Malaysia were examined for evidence of infection with Babesia ovata, B. bigemina and B. bovis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to the three Babesia species. All of the test samples when assayed with B. ovata antigen, resulted in low value indicating low probability of cattle infected with B. bigemina, 74.4% were positive for B. bovis and 72.6% were positive for both Babesia species. In addition, a serological survey with regard to age difference was carried out on a milk production farm. High reactivity antibody to B. bigemina and B. bovis was detected in calves less than 1 month of the age. The reactivity decreased in calves 1-3 months of the age. Then, the reactivity increased for both Babesia species in 6 months old calves. These results suggested that cattle infected with B. bigemina and B. bovis were widespread throughout Peninsular Malaysia and that both parasites might exist as an enzootical parasite.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology
Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi infection in crossbred dairy cattle in Malaysia

Cheah TS, Sani RA, Chandrawathani P, Bahri S, Dahlan I

Trop Anim Health Prod, 1999 Feb;31(1):25-31.
PMID: 10399814

An investigation into the epidemiology of Trypansoma evansi infection in crossbred dairy cattle was conducted for a period of 12 months on a dairy cattle farm in Penninsular Malaysia. The prevalence of parasitaemia was highest in lactating animals (13.4%), followed by those in the dry herd (8.8%), late pregnant animals (8.1%), early pregnant animals (4.7%), calves (0.3%) and heifers (0.2%). The prevalence of antigenaemia was highest in the lactating animals (54.7%), followed by that in dry animals (53.7%), heifers (51.1%), late pregnant animals (47.7%), early pregnant animals (46.5%) and calves (24.2%).

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*
Traceback systems used during recent epizootics in Asia

Ozawa Y, Ong BL, An SH

Rev. - Off. Int. Epizoot., 2001 Aug;20(2):605-13.
PMID: 11548530

Traceback systems in most countries of Asia are not well developed, as indicated by responses to a questionnaire by veterinary officials in thirteen countries. Marking of animals for traceback is practised only in a limited number of countries in specific areas or zones and for specific purposes only. In Malaysia, traceback has been undertaken by marking farm code tattoos on pigs. This enables the identification of the farm of origin of pigs found to be infected by Nipah virus in sero-surveillance programmes. The origin of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus that surfaced in the Republic of Korea in March 2000 was investigated through several epidemiological studies of suspected sources of contamination such as imported hay, yellow sand, milk collection trucks and feed delivery trucks. None of these studies gave results that indicated the origin of the FMD virus. The origin of the FMD virus that was recorded in Japan in March 2000 was also investigated in epidemiological studies; in this case, imported wheat straw was incriminated as the most likely source of infection. Comparative studies of the pathogenicities of FMD (type O) viruses isolated in Taipei China, the Republic of Korea and Japan, suggest that these viruses might have originated as vaccine strains used in a third country.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*
Genetic diversity of bluetongue viruses in south east Asia

Pritchard LI, Sendow I, Lunt R, Hassan SH, Kattenbelt J, Gould AR, et al.

Virus Res, 2004 May;101(2):193-201.
PMID: 15041187

Bluetongue viruses (BTV) were isolated from sentinel cattle in Malaysia and at two sites in Indonesia. We identified eight serotypes some of which appeared to have a wide distribution throughout this region, while others were only isolated in Malaysia or Australia. Nearly half of the 24 known BTV serotypes have now been identified in Asia. Further, we investigated the genetic diversity of their RNA segments 3 and 10. Using partial nucleotide sequences of the RNA segment 3 (540 bp) which codes for the conserved core protein (VP3), the BTV isolates were found to be unique to the previously defined Australasian topotype and could be further subdivided into four distinct clades or genotypes. Certain of these genotypes appeared to be geographically restricted while others were distributed widely throughout the region. Similarly, the complete nucleotide sequences of the RNA segment 10 (822 bp), coding for the non-structural protein (NS3/3A), were also conserved and grouped into the five genotypes; the BTV isolates could be grouped into three Asian genotypes and two Nth American/Sth African genotypes.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology
Fulltext First report of bovine lungworm disease in South-East Asia

Lat-Lat H, Hassan L, Sani RA, Sheikh-Omar AR, Hishamfariz M, Ng V

Trop Biomed, 2007 Jun;24(1):77-81.
PMID: 17568380 MyJurnal

This paper presents investigation of lungworm disease outbreaks that is based on retrospective examination of cases recorded between 1994 and 2000 on a government beef cattle breeding centre in the state of Pahang, peninsular Malaysia. The breed of cattle on the centre was Nelore and the mean population over a 7-year period (from 1994 to 2000) was 1612. All animals were allowed to graze on pasture and mixed grazing was practiced on the farm. The routine de-worming programme was performed using levamisole and ivermectin from 1994 to 1998 and abamectin in 1999 and 2000 on 1 to 3-month-old calves and an annual dose given to the adult cattle. Nelore was introduced into the farm in 1991, three years before the first outbreak from Brazil where Dictyocaulus viviparus infection had been reported. No lungworm infection had been observed in the farm prior to the animal introduction. Within the 7-year period, 36 fatalities occurred and the annual mortality rate due to lungworm infection was 0.31%. The highest rate was recorded in 1997. Among the total 36 deaths, about 75% of deaths occurred in calves aged between 6 months and 12 months, 67% were males and 33% were female cattle. The highest number of deaths (19%) occurred in the month of November. In conclusion, D. viviparus infection may have been introduced into a tropical climate along with consignments of cattle from lungworm endemic areas resulting in fatal disease outbreaks for a few years following the animal's initial introduction.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*
Assessment of the likelihood of the introduction of foot-and-mouth disease through importation of live animals into the Malaysia-Thailand-Myanmar peninsula

Wongsathapornchai K, Salman MD, Edwards JR, Morley PS, Keefe TJ, Van Campen H, et al.

Am J Vet Res, 2008 Feb;69(2):252-60.
PMID: 18241023 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.2.252

To assess the likelihood of an introduction of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) into the Malaysia-Thailand-Myanmar (MTM) peninsula through terrestrial movement of livestock.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology
First report of Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype in Malaysian cattle

Halim NA, Plutzer J, Bakheit MA, Karanis P

Vet Parasitol, 2008 Apr 15;152(3-4):325-9.
PMID: 18289793 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.035

Fifty faecal samples from diarrheic calves between 1 and 6 months old were collected per rectum from 5 farms around Petaling District in Selangor, Malaysia for Cryptosporidium species detection and genotyping investigation. Oocysts were purified using sedimentation and gradient centrifugation, then examined by immunofluorescence assay (IFAT). Genomic DNA was extracted from all samples and nested PCR was performed to amplify the SSU rRNA gene. Eighteen samples (36%) were positive for Cryptosporidium species by PCR. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of 14 isolates indicated that Cryptosporidium parvum was most common (11 isolates) followed by Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype (3 isolates). The present work reports the first data on Cryptosporidium genotyping from cattle in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology
Fulltext Lungworm of cattle in Malaysia

Lat-Lat H, Sani RA, Hassan L, Sheikh-Omar AR, Jeyabalan S, Hishammfariz M, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2010 Aug;27(2):236-40.
PMID: 20962721 MyJurnal

Bovine lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus is highly endemic in temperate regions. However, the occurrence of the lungworm has not been reported in any South East Asian country. The main aim of the present study was to detect the presence of lungworm in cattle in peninsular Malaysia and to examine the morphology of the parasite. A cross-sectional study was carried out in which 602 animals from four large scale government cattle farms and one dairy smallholder farm were sampled. In addition, 283 lungs from 11 abattoirs around the country were examined. Faecal samples were examined using the Baermann technique while post-mortem examination was performed on the lungs. Approximately 5% of faecal samples and 1% of lungs were positive for lungworm. Based on the morphology of adult lungworm, eggs and first stage larvae, Malaysian bovine lungworms were D. viviparus.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology
Fulltext The seroprevalence of bovine babesiosis in Malaysia

Rahman WA, Lye YP, Chandrawathani P

Trop Biomed, 2010 Aug;27(2):301-7.
PMID: 20962729 MyJurnal

One hundred sera of Malaysian cattle were used in this seroprevalence study for bovine babesiosis. All sera were obtained from the Serological Unit of the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Ipoh, Perak. The sera were tested using a Veterinary Medical Research & Development (VMRD) commercial Indirect Immunofluourescent Antibody Test (IFAT) kit. The results showed that 17.0% were found to be positive for Babesia bovis, 16.0% for Babesia bigemina, and 9.0% for both B. bovis and B. bigemina infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*
Prevalence of and management factors contributing to Cryptosporidium sp. infection in pre-weaned and post-weaned calves in Johor, Malaysia

Muhid A, Robertson I, Ng J, Ryan U

Exp Parasitol, 2011 Feb;127(2):534-8.
PMID: 21050848 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.10.015

A cross-sectional study was carried out to identify species and determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. shedding in pre-weaned and post-weaned dairy calves and to identify management factors that may be contributing to disease. A total of 240 calf faecal samples were collected from 16 farms in two districts in Johor, Malaysia, and screened by PCR. The overall Cryptosporidium prevalence was 27.1%. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in pre-weaned calves was 32.4% for C. parvum, 26.5% for C. bovis, followed by C. andersoni (20.6%), C. ryanae (11.8%) and mixed sp. (8.8%). The prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in post-weaned calves was 35% for C. bovis followed by C. andersoni and C. ryanae (30% each) and mixed sp. (5%). Subtyping analysis of 8 of the 11 C. parvum isolates at the gp60 locus identified five isolates as IIdA15G1, one as IIa18A3R1 and two isolates as IIa17G2R1. Management factors that increased the risk of Cryptosporidium infection included having other cattle farms close by, feeding calves with saleable milk, keeping pre-weaned calves in pens with slatted floors and keeping post-weaned calves in pens with a sand floor.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*
Prevalence of Giardia spp. infection in pre-weaned and weaned calves in relation to management factors

Muhid A, Robertson I, Ng J, Yang R, Ryan U

Vet J, 2012 Jan;191(1):135-7.
PMID: 21339075 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.01.007

Two hundred and forty calf faecal samples from 16 Malaysian farms were screened by PCR for Giardia spp. The overall prevalence was 12.5% and the overall farm prevalence was 68.8% (11/16 farms). The prevalence in pre-weaned and weaned calves was 16.7% and 8.3%, respectively. Sequence analysis of 25 isolates identified all as G. duodenalis assemblage E. Management factors associated with an increased risk of infection with Giardia spp. included keeping weaned calves in pens with sand floors and calf age. Keeping pre-weaned calves in pens with concrete floors and calving in single cow calving areas decreased the risk.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*
Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in Peninsular Malaysia from 2001 to 2007

Ramanoon SZ, Robertson ID, Edwards J, Hassan L, Isa KM

Trop Anim Health Prod, 2013 Feb;45(2):373-7.
PMID: 22826115 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0226-x

This is a retrospective study of the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Peninsular Malaysia between 2001 and May 2007. In total, 270 outbreaks of FMD were recorded. Serotype O virus (89.95 %) and serotype A (7.7 %) had caused the outbreaks. Significant differences on the occurrence of FMD were found between the years (t = 5.73, P = 0.000, df = 11), months (t = 4.7, P = 0.000, df = 11), monsoon season (t = 2.63, P = 0.025, df = 10) and states (t = 4.84, P = 0.001, df = 10). A peak of outbreaks observed in 2003 could be due to increased animal movement and the other peak in 2006 could be due to a compromised FMD control activities due to activities on the eradication of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Cattle (86 % of outbreaks) suffered the most. However, no difference in disease occurrence between species was observed. The populations of cattle (r = 0.672, P = 0.023) and sheep (r = 0.678, P = 0.022) were significantly correlated with occurrence of FMD. Movement of animals (66 % of outbreaks) was the main source for outbreaks. A combination of control measures were implemented during outbreaks. In conclusion, the findings of this study show that FMD is endemic in Peninsular Malaysia, and information gained could be used to improve the existing control strategy.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*
Fulltext High prevalence of muscular sarcocystosis in cattle and water buffaloes from Selangor, Malaysia

Latif B, Vellayan S, Heo CC, Kannan Kutty M, Omar E, Abdullah S, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2013 Dec;30(4):699-705.
PMID: 24522140 MyJurnal

The prevalence of sarcocystosis in cattle and water buffaloes from peninsular Malaysia was investigated in abattoirs in Selangor state, February, 2011, to March, 2012. Fresh muscle samples were collected from the tongue, heart, oesophagus, diaphragm and skeletal muscles of 102 cattle and 18 water buffaloes. Each sample was initially screened by light microscopy and then fixed for further histopathological analysis. Out of 120 animals examined, 49 (40.8%) harboured the microscopic type of Sarcocystis spp. The positivity rate for cattle was 36.2% and for water buffaloes 66.7%. In cattle, the organs highly infected were the skeletal muscles and diaphragm (27% each), followed by tongue and esophagus (24.3% each), and the heart (8%). In water buffaloes, the heart was most often infected (66.7%), followed by the oesophagus (50%) and skeletal muscle (33.3%); no sarcocysts were detected in the tongue and diaphragm. The shape of the sarcocyst was fusiform to oval with a mean cyst size of 151.66 x 75.83 μm and wall thickness of 2.47 μm in cattle, and 114 x 50.81 μm cyst size and the wall thickness of 1.11 μm in water buffaloes, consistent with Sarcocystis cruzi and Sarcocystis levinei, respectively. Remaining tissue from cattle was subjected to parasite specific 18S rRNA gene PCR and Sarcocystis cruzi was confirmed, at least exemplarily. The peripheral metrocytes and the banana-shaped bradyzoites (15.23 x 2.2 μm in cattle and 11.49 x 2.45 μm in water buffalo hosts) were easily recognized. In conclusion, a high positivity rate was found in Malaysian meat-producing animals with possible implications for meat consumption and human health.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*
Cattle herd inspections and fly trapping for the detection of the Old World screw-worm fly (Chrysomya bezziana)

Urech R, Muharsini S, Tozer RS, Sumartono, Green PE, Brown GW, et al.

Aust. Vet. J., 2014 Jan;92(1-2):28-32.
PMID: 24471879 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12142

To compare the sensitivity of inspections of cattle herds and adult fly trapping for detection of the Old World screw-worm fly (OWS).

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology
Fulltext Serological evidence of henipavirus exposure in cattle, goats and pigs in Bangladesh

Chowdhury S, Khan SU, Crameri G, Epstein JH, Broder CC, Islam A, et al.

PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2014 Nov;8(11):e3302.
PMID: 25412358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003302

BACKGROUND: Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging disease that causes severe encephalitis and respiratory illness in humans. Pigs were identified as an intermediate host for NiV transmission in Malaysia. In Bangladesh, NiV has caused recognized human outbreaks since 2001 and three outbreak investigations identified an epidemiological association between close contact with sick or dead animals and human illness.
METHODOLOGY: We examined cattle and goats reared around Pteropus bat roosts in human NiV outbreak areas. We also tested pig sera collected under another study focused on Japanese encephalitis.
PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We detected antibodies against NiV glycoprotein in 26 (6.5%) cattle, 17 (4.3%) goats and 138 (44.2%) pigs by a Luminex-based multiplexed microsphere assay; however, these antibodies did not neutralize NiV. Cattle and goats with NiVsG antibodies were more likely to have a history of feeding on fruits partially eaten by bats or birds (PR=3.1, 95% CI 1.6-5.7) and drinking palmyra palm juice (PR=3.9, 95% CI 1.5-10.2).
CONCLUSIONS: This difference in test results may be due to the exposure of animals to one or more novel viruses with antigenic similarity to NiV. Further research may identify a novel organism of public health importance.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*

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