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The roles of ceramides and multivesicular emulsion (MVE) technology in atopic dermatitis: a narrative review

Chng CC

Med J Malaysia, 2024 Jan;79(1):85-94.
PMID: 38287763

INTRODUCTION: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory skin condition. In Malaysia, a prevalence of 13.4% was reported for children between one and six years of age, one of the highest prevalence rates of AD in Asia. Many guidelines recommended moisturisers as the mainstay of treatment strategy for AD. Selecting an effective and suitable moisturiser for people with AD plays a crucial role in avoiding acute exacerbation of AD and achieving remission.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Given that an array of active ingredients and topical vehicles for moisturisers are available in the market, this review summarised the roles of ceramides and multivesicular emulsion (MVE) technology in managing AD to help guide treatment decisions.
RESULTS: Ceramides are essential in maintaining the skin permeability barrier and hydration, modulating skin immunity through anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial defence system, and regulating cellular functions. Low levels and altered structures and composition of ceramides, compromised skin permeability barrier and increased transepidermal water loss were commonly observed in AD patients. Most clinical studies have shown that ceramidedominant moisturisers are safe and effective in adults and children with AD. MVE technology offers an attractive delivery system to replenish ceramides in the SC, repairing the compromised skin permeability barrier and potentially improving patient compliance.
CONCLUSION: Recommending clinically proven therapeutic moisturisers with the right ingredients (level, ratio, structure and composition), alongside an effective sustained release delivery system, to AD patients is one key strategy to successful disease control and flare prevention, subsequently reducing the disease burden to patients, families and societies.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/therapeutic use
Fulltext Enrichment of Eucalyptus oil nanoemulsion by micellar nanotechnology: transdermal analgesic activity using hot plate test in rats' assay

Aziz ZAA, Nasir HM, Ahmad A, Setapar SHM, Ahmad H, Noor MHM, et al.

Sci Rep, 2019 Sep 23;9(1):13678.
PMID: 31548590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50134-y

Eucalyptus globulus is an aromatic medicinal plant which known for its 1,8-cineole main pharmacological constituent exhibits as natural analgesic agent. Eucalyptus globulus-loaded micellar nanoparticle was developed via spontaneous emulsification technique and further evaluation for its analgesic efficacy study, in vivo analgesic activity assay in rats. The nanoemulsion system containing Eucalyptus-micelles was optimized at different surfactant types (Tween 40, 60 and 80) and concentrations (3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0, 15.0, and 18.0 wt. %). These formulations were characterized by thermodynamically stability, viscosity, micelles particle size, pH, and morphology structure. The spontaneous emulsification technique offered a greener micelles formation in nanoemulsion system by slowly titrated of organic phase, containing Eucalyptus globulus (active compound), grape seed oil (carrier oil) and hydrophilic surfactant into aqueous phase, and continuously stirred for 30 min to form a homogeneity solution. The characterizations evaluation revealed an optimized formulation with Tween 40 surfactant type at 9.0 wt. % of surfactant concentration promoted the most thermodynamic stability, smaller micelles particle size (d = 17.13 ± 0.035 nm) formed with spherical shape morphological structure, and suitable in viscosity (≈2.3 cP) and pH value (6.57) for transdermal purpose. The in vivo analgesic activity assay of optimized emulsion showed that the transdermal administration of micellar nanoparticle of Eucalyptus globulus on fore and hind limb of rats, possessed the central and peripheral analgesic effects by prolonged the rats pain responses towards the heat stimulus after being put on top of hot plate (55 °C), with longest time responses, 40.75 s at 60 min after treatment administration. Thus, this study demonstrated that micellar nanoparticle of Eucalyptus globulus formed in nanoemulsion system could be promising as an efficient transdermal nanocarrier for the analgesic therapy alternative.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/therapeutic use
Theranostic application of nanoemulsions in chemotherapy

Gorain B, Choudhury H, Nair AB, Dubey SK, Kesharwani P

Drug Discov Today, 2020 07;25(7):1174-1188.
PMID: 32344042 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.013

Theranostics has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancer, where novel drug delivery systems could be used to detect the disease at an early stage with instantaneous treatment. Various preclinical approaches of nanoemulsions with entrapped contrast and chemotherapeutic agents have been documented to act specifically on the tumor microenvironment (TME) for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However, bringing these theranostic nanoemulsions through preclinical trials to patients requires several fundamental hurdles to be overcome, including the in vivo behavior of the delivery tool, degradation, and clearance from the system, as well as long-term toxicities. Here, we discuss recent advances in the application of nanoemulsions in molecular imaging with simultaneous therapeutic efficacy in a single delivery system.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/therapeutic use*
Fulltext The preparation and evaluation of self-nanoemulsifying systems containing Swietenia oil and an examination of its anti-inflammatory effects

Eid AM, El-Enshasy HA, Aziz R, Elmarzugi NA

Int J Nanomedicine, 2014;9:4685-95.
PMID: 25336948 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S66180

There is an increasing trend among pharmaceutical industries to use natural bioactive materials as medicinal agents and to use new technologies such as self-nanoemulsifying systems. The solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs can be enhanced by self-nanoemulsifying systems. Swietenia oil is frequently used because of its antimicrobial, antimutagenic, and anticancer bioactive medical properties. This study was conducted to develop self-nanoemulsifying systems for Swietenia oil that will enhance the anti-inflammatory activity of the oil. The self-emulsifying systems developed for Swietenia oil in this study were constructed using ternary phase diagrams and contained the nonionic surfactants Labrasol(®), Tween 20, Capmul(®), and Labrafil(®). The effect of these surfactants on the formulation was examined. The mean droplet size of Swietenia oil as well as their distribution, appearance, viscosity, and spreading times were studied to find the optimum formula, which contained droplets that were less than 200 nm. The next step was to test the anti-inflammatory properties of the optimum formula using a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test. The results from this test were compared to the oil solution. Different oil/surfactants mixtures had various emulsification properties that were related to the size of their droplets. Tween 20 is a good surfactant to use in self-emulsifying systems because it produces droplets of nano-size. Mixtures of Capmul/Labrasol at a ratio of 2:1 and Labrafil/Tween 20 at a ratio of 1:2 were able to produce self-nanoemulsifying formulations containing Swietenia oil concentrations that ranged from 20%-50%. Nanoemulsion occurred when the size of the droplets fell below 200 nm with low size distribution (<0.3) after being gently mixed with water. It was found that the hydrophilic/lipophilic balance value affected the ternary phase diagram behavior of Swietenia oil and surfactants. In addition, the anti-inflammatory properties of Swietenia oil were greater in the self-nanoemulsifying systems than in the oil solution.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/therapeutic use