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Studies on the transmission of sub-periodic Brugia malayi by Aedes (Finlaya) togoi in the laboratory. 3. The survival of infected mosquitoes under laboratory conditions

Ramachandran CP, Zaini MA

Med J Malaya, 1968 Jun;23(4):323-9 concl.
PMID: 4235597
Matched MeSH terms: Malaria/etiology*
Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria

Mahoney LE

Lancet, 1968 Nov 23;2(7578):1139.
PMID: 4177183
Matched MeSH terms: Malaria/etiology*
Fulltext Factors that are associated with the risk of acquiring Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: a case-control study protocol

Grigg MJ, William T, Drakeley CJ, Jelip J, von Seidlein L, Barber BE, et al.

BMJ Open, 2014 Aug 22;4(8):e006004.
PMID: 25149186 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006004

INTRODUCTION: Plasmodium knowlesi has long been present in Malaysia, and is now an emerging cause of zoonotic human malaria. Cases have been confirmed throughout South-East Asia where the ranges of its natural macaque hosts and Anopheles leucosphyrus group vectors overlap. The majority of cases are from Eastern Malaysia, with increasing total public health notifications despite a concurrent reduction in Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria. The public health implications are concerning given P. knowlesi has the highest risk of severe and fatal disease of all Plasmodium spp in Malaysia. Current patterns of risk and disease vary based on vector type and competence, with individual exposure risks related to forest and forest-edge activities still poorly defined. Clustering of cases has not yet been systematically evaluated despite reports of peri-domestic transmission and known vector competence for human-to-human transmission.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A population-based case-control study will be conducted over a 2-year period at two adjacent districts in north-west Sabah, Malaysia. Confirmed malaria cases presenting to the district hospital sites meeting relevant inclusion criteria will be requested to enrol. Three community controls matched to the same village as the case will be selected randomly. Study procedures will include blood sampling and administration of household and individual questionnaires to evaluate potential exposure risks associated with acquisition of P. knowlesi malaria. Secondary outcomes will include differences in exposure variables between P. knowlesi and other Plasmodium spp, risk of severe P. knowlesi malaria, and evaluation of P. knowlesi case clustering. Primary analysis will be per protocol, with adjusted ORs for exposure risks between cases and controls calculated using conditional multiple logistic regression models.
ETHICS: This study has been approved by the human research ethics committees of Malaysia, the Menzies School of Health Research, Australia, and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaria/etiology
The simian malarias: zoonoses, anthroponoses, or both?

Coatney GR

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1971 Nov;20(6):795-803.
PMID: 5002245
Matched MeSH terms: Malaria/etiology
Fulltext Human malaria in the highlands of Yemen

Al-Mekhlafi AM, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mahdy MA, Azazy AA, Fong MY

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 2011 Apr;105(3):187-95.
PMID: 21801497 DOI: 10.1179/136485911X12987676649421

Between June 2008 and March 2009, a cross-sectional study of human malaria was carried out in four governorates of Yemen, two (Taiz and Hodiedah) representing the country's highlands and the others (Dhamar and Raymah) the country's coastal plains/foothills. The main aims were to determine the prevalences of Plasmodium infection among 455 febrile patients presenting for care at participating health facilities and to investigate the potential risk factors for such infection. Malarial infection was detected in 78 (17·1%) of the investigated patients and was more likely to be detected among the febrile patients from the highlands than among those presenting in the coastal plains/foothills (22·6% v.13·9%; χ(2)=10·102; P=0·018). Binary logistic-regression models identified low household income [odds ratio (OR)=13·52; 95% confidence interval (CI)=2·62-69·67; P=0·002], living in a household with access to a water pump (OR=4·18; CI=1·60-10·96; P=0·004) and living in a household near a stream (OR=4·43; CI=1·35-14·56; P=0·014) as significant risk factors for malarial infection in the highlands. Low household income was the only significant risk factor identified for such infection in the coastal plains and foothills (OR = 8·20; CI=1·80-37·45; P=0·007). It is unclear why febrile patients in the highlands of Yemen are much more likely to be found to have malarial infection than their counterparts from the coastal plains and foothills. Although it is possible that malarial transmission is relatively intense in the highlands, it seems more likely that, compared with those who live at lower altitudes, those who live in the highlands are less immune to malaria, and therefore more likely to develop febrile illness following malarial infection. Whatever the cause of the symptomatic malarial infection commonly found in the highlands of Yemen, it is a matter of serious concern that should be addressed in the national strategy to control malaria.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaria/etiology
Transfusion malaria in an infant in Singapore

Paul FM, Kleevens JW

J Singapore Paediatr Soc, 1969 Apr;11(1):62-6.
PMID: 5366340
Matched MeSH terms: Malaria/etiology*
Choroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the United Kingdom

Cowan GO, Parry ES

Lancet, 1968 Nov 02;2(7575):946-8.
PMID: 4176265
Matched MeSH terms: Malaria/etiology
Fulltext Pathogenesis of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) as an experimental model for severe malaria

Junaid QO, Khaw LT, Mahmud R, Ong KC, Lau YL, Borade PU, et al.

Parasite, 2017;24:38.
PMID: 29034874 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017040

BACKGROUND: As the quest to eradicate malaria continues, there remains a need to gain further understanding of the disease, particularly with regard to pathogenesis. This is facilitated, apart from in vitro and clinical studies, mainly via in vivo mouse model studies. However, there are few studies that have used gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) as animal models. Thus, this study is aimed at characterizing the effects of Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in gerbils, as well as the underlying pathogenesis.
METHODS: Gerbils, 5-7 weeks old were infected by PbA via intraperitoneal injection of 1 × 106 (0.2 mL) infected red blood cells. Parasitemia, weight gain/loss, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count and body temperature changes in both control and infected groups were monitored over a duration of 13 days. RNA was extracted from the brain, spleen and whole blood to assess the immune response to PbA infection. Organs including the brain, spleen, heart, liver, kidneys and lungs were removed aseptically for histopathology.
RESULTS: Gerbils were susceptible to PbA infection, showing significant decreases in the hemoglobin concentration, RBC counts, body weights and body temperature, over the course of the infection. There were no neurological signs observed. Both pro-inflammatory (IFNγ and TNF) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were significantly elevated. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were also observed. PbA parasitized RBCs were observed in the organs, using routine light microscopy and in situ hybridization.
CONCLUSION: Gerbils may serve as a good model for severe malaria to further understand its pathogenesis.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaria/etiology*