OBJECTIVE: In this work, various polysaccharide/gelatin amorphous hydrogels with the impregnation of oil palm leaf derived total flavonoid enriched extract (OPL-TFEE) were fabricated via one-pot synthesis method to provide multiple crosslinking networks.
METHOD: The bioflavonoids (OPL-TFEE) were derived from Elaeis guineensis leaf using an integrated green extraction and enrichment process. Amorphous hydrogels with good wound healing properties were developed by incorporating 0.3% antioxidant agent into the hybrid polymeric gelling system.
RESULT: The formulations appeared as a semi-solid dark yellow translucent hydrogel with good spreading and consistency characteristics and satisfying aesthetic properties. The FTIR analysis indicated that the bioflavonoid was compatible with the matrix, and the hydrogels showed porous morphological structures when observed under SEM. Furthermore, the hydrogels possessed shear thinning, pseudoplastic, and elastic properties. Bioflavonoids-impregnated polysaccharide/gelatin hydrogel release 95-98% bioflavonoids within 24 h, while the drug release profile followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. The hydrogels showed antioxidant and wound healing properties with no sign of cytotoxicity.
CONCLUSION: Overall, the results revealed bioflavonoid-loaded hydrogels exhibited good physicochemical and biological properties, thus could serve as new innovative formulation in the sustainable advancement of wound care product for promoting wound healing.
METHODS: A total of 20 methanolic crude extracts (bark and leaf) from ten different plants were screened using a colorimetric hyaluronidase enzymatic assay. The active plant extract (Payena dasyphylla) was then studied for its hyaluronidase inhibitory activity in the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulated human chondrocytes cell line (NHAC-kn) using zymography method. The Payena dasyphylla methanolic bark extract was then fractionated into several fractions in where the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction was evaluated for its inhibitory effects on the HYAL1 and HYAL2 gene expressions using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. While the MMP-3 and MMP-13 protein expressions were evaluated using western blot method. The phenolic and flavonoid contents of the three fractions as well as the antioxidant property of the EA fraction were also evaluated.
RESULTS: Bark extract of Payena dasyphylla (100 μg/ml) showed the highest inhibitory activity against bovine testicular hyaluronidase with 91.63%. The plant extract also inhibited hyaluronidase expression in the cultured human chondrocyte cells in response to IL-1β (100 ng/ml). Similarly, treatment with Payena dasyphylla ethyl acetate (EA) fraction (100 μg/ml) inhibited the HYAL1 and HYAL2 mRNA gene expressions as well as MMP-3 and MMP-13 protein expression in a dose dependent manner. Payena dasyphylla EA fraction has demonstrated the highest amount of phenolic and flavonoid content with 168.62 ± 10.93 mg GAE/g and 95.96 ± 2.96 mg RE/g respectively as compared to water and hexane fractions. In addition, the Payena dasyphylla EA fraction showed strong antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ value of 11.64 ± 1.69 μg/mL.
CONCLUSION: These findings have shown that Payena dasyphylla might contained potential phenolic compounds that inhibiting the key enzyme in osteoarthritis development, which is the hyaluronidase enzyme through interruption of HYAL1 and HYAL1 gene expressions. The degradation of cartilage could also be inhibited by the plant through suppression of MMP-3 and MMP-13 protein expressions. We also reported that the inhibitory effect of Payena dasyphylla on hyaluronidase activity and expression might be due to its anti-oxidant property.