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Fulltext Review of the prevalence of postnatal depression across cultures

Arifin SRM, Cheyne H, Maxwell M

AIMS Public Health, 2018;5(3):260-295.
PMID: 30280116 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2018.3.260

The purpose of this review was to examine articles related to recent epidemiological evidence of the prevalence of maternal postnatal depression (PND) across different countries and cultures and to identify specific epidemiological studies that have been carried out exclusively in Malaysia on the prevalence of maternal PND. The review was undertaken in two stages, an initial review and an updated review. At both stages systematic literature searches of online databases were performed to identify articles on the prevalence of maternal PND. A total of 124 articles concerning research conducted in more than 50 countries were included in the final analysis. There were wide variations in the screening instruments and diagnostic tools used although the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was the most common instrument applied to identify PND. The prevalence of maternal PND ranged from 4.0% to 63.9%, with Japan and America recording the lowest and highest rates, respectively. Within continents, a wide variation in reported prevalence was also found. The reported rates of maternal PND in Malaysia were much higher than that previously documented with a range of 6.8-27.3%. This review indicated that the widely cited prevalence of maternal PND of 10-15% underestimates rates of PND worldwide. The reasons for this variability may not be fully explained by review methods. Future studies should evaluate the nature of women's PND experiences across cultures to explain these wide variations.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext Demographic and clinical factors associated with verbal memory performance in patients with schizophrenia in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Malaysia

Zahiruddin Othman, Hasanah Che Ismail, Ruzita Jamaluddin, Muhammad Najib Mohamad Alwi

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2011;12(2):0-0.
MyJurnal

Objective: The present study aims to assess verbal memory performance in patients with schizophrenia attending HUSM and determine the relationship between the patients’ verbal memory performance and their demographic/clinical factors. Methods: A cross sectional study of 114 patients with schizophrenia attending HUSM psychiatric services from December 2007 to May 2008 was conducted. The schizophrenia symptoms as well as verbal memory performance were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Malay version of the Calgary Depression Scale (MVCDS), and the Malay version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (MVAVLT). The relationship between verbal memory performance and demographic/clinical symptoms was evaluated using Pearson Correlation. Results: Overall MVAVLT scores in all the trials were lowered in patients with schizophrenia compared to average healthy controls. There were significant relationships between occupational status and MVAVLT performance in Trial A1-A5 Total; between educational level and MVAVLT performance in Trial A1 and Trial A1-A5 Total and between severities of illness and MVAVLT performance in all indexes except Trial A1 after controlled for occupation and
educational level. Conclusions: Patient with schizophrenia in HUSM performed significantly worse than healthy controls in verbal memory with or without interference. There were significant relationships between MVAVLT performance and patient’s occupational s tatus, educational level and severity of the illness but not depressive symptoms.

Study site: Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM)

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext The sensitivity, specificity and reliability of the malay version 12-items general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) in detecting distressed medical students.

Ahmad Fuad Abdul Rahim, Mohd Jamil Yaacob, Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2010;11(1):36-43.
MyJurnal

Objective: To determine the sensitivity, specificity and internal consistency of the Malay version GHQ-12 among medical student population. This study determined the appropriate GHQ-12 score to detect distressed medical students. Methods: The Malay version of GHQ-12 was derived based on two sources which were the original version GHQ-12 and the validated Malay version 30-items GHQ. The GHQ-12 and the Malay version Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were administered to a total of 141 medical students. Distress diagnoses were made based on the Malay version BDI-II. ROC curve analysis was applied to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the GHQ-12 by testing against the BDI-II. Reliability analysis (Cronbach’s alpha and item total correlation) was applied to test internal consistency of the
GHQ-12. The analysis was done using SPSS version 12.Results: The GHQ-12 sensitivity and specificity at cut-off point of 3/4 was 81.3% and 75.3% respectively with positive predictive value (PPV) of 62.9% as well as area under ROC curve more than 0.7. The Cronbach’s alpha value of the GHQ-12 was 0.85.Conclusion: This study showed the Malay version GHQ-12 is a valid and reliable screening tool in detecting distressed medical students. The
GHQ-12 score equal to or more than 4 was considered as significant distress.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext Determining the cut-off score for a Malay language version of the centre for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CESD)

Siti Raudzah Ghazali, Elklit, Ask, Rekaya Vincent Balang, Ameenudeen Sultan, M., Yoke, Yong Chen

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2014;15(2):146-152.
MyJurnal

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the optimal cut-off score for the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CESD) according to Malaysian adolescent norms. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Nine hundred and thirty-one adolescents aged 13 to 17 years-old completed the CESD and Hopkins Symptom Checklist-depression scale (HSCL-depression). Results: Results from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, kappa coefficients and odds ratio analysis showed that CESD cut-off score of 27 was suitable to be used according to Malaysian norms, demonstrating a specificity of 93%. Conclusion: The findings suggest a cut-off score 27 should be used for screening of depression for Malaysian adolescents using the CESD. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 15 (2): July - December 2014: 146-152.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext Factorial validity and reliability of the simplified-Chinese version of Snaith-Hamilton pleasure scale: a study among depressed patients at an out-patient clinic in Malaysia

Anne, Yee, Huai, Seng Loh, Chong, Guan Ng

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2014;15(1):66-71.
MyJurnal

Objective: The Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) is a self-assessment scale designed to evaluate anhedonia in various psychiatric disorders. To facilitate its use in Malaysian settings, our current study aimed to examine the validity of the Simplified-Chinese translated version of the SHAPS (SHAPS-SC) in a group of subjects at a university out-patient clinic. Method: A total of 40 depressed patients were recruited in this cross sectional study. They were given both the Simplified Chinese and Malay versions of SHAPS, General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ-12) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess their hedonic state, general mental health condition and level of depression. Results: Our study showed that SHAPS-SC had impressive internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha 0.84) and concurrent validity, and fair parallel-forms reliability (Pearson’s correlation 0.39). Conclusion: SHAPS-SC demonstrated good psychometric properties in the evaluation of hedonic state among a group of Chinese speaking depressed patients in an out-patient setting. It is easy to administer and suitable as a valid and reliable questionnaire in assessing anhedonia among depressed patients in Malaysia. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 15 (1): January - June 2014: 66-71.

Study site: psychiatric out-patient clinic, University
Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC)

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext Group cognitive behavioural therapy (GCBT) versus group exposure and response prevention (GERP) for obsessive–compulsive disorder and comorbid depression: a clinical study in Iran

Nasim Seyedsalehi, Rohany Nasir, Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman, Ashkan Seyedsalehi, Sadaf Seyedsalehi

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2018;19(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

Objective: The objective of this study to assess the comparative effectiveness of exposure and response prevention (GERP) and cognitive-behaviour therapy (GCBT) in a group of Iranian patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and comorbid depression symptoms (CDS).

Methods: Ninety OCD patients were selected (both genders, married or unmarried and ages from 18-65 years) using a non-probability sampling (availability sampling) procedure. The respondents subsequently sampled via cluster randomization into three equal groups: a control group (n = 30) that did not receive any treatment intervention during the study and two other groups who received 12 weeks of psychotherapy in the form of GERP (n=30) or GCBT (n=30). This study obtained the required data through a clinical interview with all participants based on the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders text revision (DSM-IV-TR). The statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni correction and Pearson correlations.

Result: We found that GCBT and GERP are effective treatments for alleviating OCD symptoms among patients. The results demonstrated that OCD scores were significantly reduced among participants after receiving GCBT and GERP treatments, with mean (standard deviation, SD) changes of 0.829 (0.287) and 0.970 (0.258), respectively. The study measured CDS through the Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II-PERSIAN). The study further found a significant correlation between OCD and CDS. The findings suggested that GCBT and GERP improved comorbid depression symptoms (CDS) significantly with mean (SD) changes of 13.57 (3.92) and 12.85 (4.50) respectively.

Conclusion: GCBT and GERP separately produced equivalent improvements for OCD and CDS.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Religious psychotherapy as management of bereavement

Azhar MZ, Varma SL

Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1995 Apr;91(4):233-5.
PMID: 7625203

This study was aimed at determining the effect of psychotherapy in patients in bereavement. Fifteen patients in a control group were given brief psychotherapy and 15 study group patients received psychotherapy with a religious perspective. The patients in the study group showed consistently significant improvements as compared with the control group at the end of 6 months. The results indicate that highly religious patients with grief and bereavement tend to improve faster when a religious psychotherapy is added to a cognitive-behaviour approach.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Difficulties in emotion regulation mediate negative and positive affects and craving in alcoholic patients

Khosravani V, Sharifi Bastan F, Ghorbani F, Kamali Z

Addict Behav, 2017 08;71:75-81.
PMID: 28273489 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.02.029

The aim of this study was to assess the mediating effects of difficulties in emotion regulation (DER) on the relations of negative and positive affects to craving in alcoholic patients. 205 treatment-seeking alcoholic outpatients were included. DER, positive and negative affects as well as craving were evaluated by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Positive/Negative Affect Scales, and the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) respectively. Clinical factors including depression and severity of alcohol dependence were investigated by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) respectively. Results revealed that both increased negative affect and decreased positive affect indirectly influenced craving through limited access to emotion regulation strategies. It was concluded that limited access to emotion regulation strategies may be important in predicting craving for alcoholics who experience both increased negative affect and decreased positive affect. This suggests that treatment and prevention efforts focused on increasing positive affect, decreasing negative affect and teaching effective regulation strategies may be critical in reducing craving in alcoholic patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Increased levels of depressive symptoms among pregnant women in The Netherlands after the crash of flight MH17

Truijens SE, Boerekamp CA, Spek V, van Son MJ, Oei SG, Pop VJ

Am J Epidemiol, 2015 Sep 1;182(5):426-30.
PMID: 26173773 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv161

On July 17, 2014, Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down, a tragedy that shocked the Dutch population. As part of a large longitudinal survey on mental health in pregnant women that had a study inclusion period of 19 months, we were able to evaluate the possible association of that incident with mood changes using pre- and postdisaster data. We compared mean Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS) scores from a group of women (n = 126 cases) at 32 weeks' gestation during the first month after the crash with mean scores from a control group (n = 102) with similar characteristics who completed the EDS at 32 weeks' gestation during the same summer period in 2013. The mean EDS scores of the 126 case women in the first month after the crash were significantly higher than the scores of 102 control women. There were no differences in mean EDS scores between the 2 groups at the first and second trimesters. The present study is among the first in which perinatal mental health before and after the occurrence of a disaster has been investigated, and the results suggest that national disasters might lead to emotional responses.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext Prevalence of depressive disorders in the elderly

Barua A, Ghosh MK, Kar N, Basilio MA

Ann Saudi Med, 2011 Nov-Dec;31(6):620-4.
PMID: 22048509 DOI: 10.4103/0256-4947.87100

Community-based mental health studies have revealed that the point prevalence of depressive disorders in the elderly population of the world varies between 10% and 20%, depending on cultural situations. A retrospective study based on analysis of various study reports was conducted, to determine the median prevalence rates of depressive disorders in the elderly population of India and various other countries in the world. All the studies that constituted the sample were conducted between 1955 and 2005. Included are only community-based, cross-sectional surveys and some prospective studies that had not excluded depression at baseline. These studies were conducted on a homogenous community of the elderly population in the world, who were selected by a simple random sampling technique. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria on published and indexed articles, 74 original research studies that surveyed a total of 487,275 elderly individuals, in the age group of 60 years and above, residing in various parts of the world, were included for the final analysis. The median prevalence rate and its corresponding interquartile range were calculated. The chi-square test and chi-square for linear trend were applied. A P value of

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext Prevalence and Factors Associated with Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: A Survey-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Abir T, Kalimullah NA, Osuagwu UL, Nur-A Yazdani DM, Husain T, Goson PC, et al.

Ann Glob Health, 2021 04 26;87(1):43.
PMID: 33981590 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.3269

Background: Feelings of isolation, insecurity, and instability triggered by COVID-19 could have a long-term impact on the mental health status of individuals.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of mental health symptoms (anxiety, depression, and stress) in Bangladesh and the factors associated with these symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: From 1 to 30 April 2020, we used a validated self-administered questionnaire to conduct a cross-sectional study on 10,609 participants through an online survey platform. We assessed mental health status using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The total depression, anxiety, and stress subscale scores were divided into normal, mild, moderate, severe, and multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associated factors.
Findings: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 15%, 34%, and 15% for mild, moderate, and severe depressive symptoms, respectively. The prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 59% for severe anxiety symptoms, 14% for moderate anxiety symptoms, and 14% for mild anxiety symptoms, while the prevalence for stress levels were 16% for severe stress level, 22% for moderate stress level, and 13% for mild stress level. Multivariate analyses revealed that the most consistent factors associated with mild, moderate, and severe of the three mental health subscales (depression, anxiety, and stress) were respondents who lived in Dhaka and Rangpur division, females, those who self-quarantined in the previous seven days before the survey, and those respondents who experienced chills, breathing difficulty, dizziness, and sore throat.
Conclusion: Our results showed that about 64%, 87%, and 61% of the respondents in Bangladesh reported high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. There is a need for mental health support targeting women and those who self-quarantined or lived in Dhaka and Rangpur during the pandemic.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Direct and indirect effects of sociocultural influences on disordered eating among Malaysian male and female university students. A mediation analysis of psychological distress

Gan WY, Mohd Nasir MT, Zalilah MS, Hazizi AS

Appetite, 2011 Jun;56(3):778-83.
PMID: 21435366 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.03.005

This study aimed to examine the role of psychological distress in the relationships between sociocultural influences (social pressure to be thin and weight teasing) and disordered eating. Data were collected from 584 university students (59.4% females and 40.6% males), aged 18-24 years old (M=20.6, SD=1.4), selected from four universities in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Participants completed four standardized questionnaires which measured social pressure to be thin, weight-related teasing, psychological distress and disordered eating. A good fit structural equation modeling (SEM) model was developed for both sexes. For males, the SEM model revealed that sociocultural influences showed an indirect effect on disordered eating through psychological distress. For females, the model showed an indirect effect of sociocultural influences on disordered eating through psychological distress, as well as a direct effect of sociocultural influences on disordered eating. In conclusion, psychological distress mediated the relationships between sociocultural influences and disordered eating in both males and females. Our results suggest that disordered eating intervention programs on reducing psychological distress in university students may be beneficial.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Factor Structure of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Malaysian patients with coronary artery disease

Kaur S, Zainal NZ, Low WY, Ramasamy R, Sidhu JS

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015 May;27(4):450-60.
PMID: 24807887 DOI: 10.1177/1010539514533719

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a common screening instrument used to determine the levels of anxiety and depression experienced by a patient and has been extensively used in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aimed to establish the factor structure of HADS in a Malaysian sample of 189 patients with CAD. Factor analysis of HADS using principal component analysis with varimax rotation yielded 3 factors. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the use of HADS in assessing 3 distinct dimensions of psychological distress--namely, anxiety, anhedonia, and psychomotor retardation. The HADS showed good internal consistency and was found to be a valid measure of psychological distress among Malaysian patients with CAD. However, low mean scores on the original 2 factors--that is, anxiety and depression--and also on the 2 depression subscales--anhedonia and psychomotor retardation--suggests that the recommended cutoff score to screen for psychological distress among CAD patients be reevaluated. Further research to determine the generalizability and consistency for the tridimensional structure of the HADS in Malaysia is recommended.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales*
Young female survivors of sexual abuse in Malaysia and depression: what factors are associated with better outcome?

Wahab S, Tan SM, Marimuthu S, Razali R, Muhamad NA

Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2013 Apr;5 Suppl 1:95-102.
PMID: 23857844 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12051

Research in the field of child sexual abuse is lacking in Malaysia. The aims of this study are to identify the association between sociodemographic factors and depression among sexually abused females.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Physician, heal thyself: the paradox of anxiety amongst house officers and work in a teaching hospital

Tan SM, Jong SC, Chan LF, Jamaludin NA, Phang CK, Jamaluddin NS, et al.

Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2013 Apr;5 Suppl 1:74-81.
PMID: 23857841 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12048

Anxiety among house officers may impair functioning and health care delivery. This study aimed to determine the association between anxiety among house officers at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, sociodemographic and work-related factors.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Depression in male patients on methadone maintenance therapy

Baharudin A, Mislan N, Ibrahim N, Sidi H, Nik Jaafar NR

Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2013 Apr;5 Suppl 1:67-73.
PMID: 23857840 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12069

INTRODUCTION: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric conditions in men. The aim of the study was to determine the depressive symptoms and associated factors among men on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT).
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 108 subjects who attended the Drug Clinic at Hospital Kuala Lumpur. The instruments used include the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition Axis-I Disorder, Beck Depression Inventory and the 15-item International Index of Erectile Function.
RESULTS: The rate of depression was 44.4%. There were significant associations between Malay ethnicity, secondary education level and concurrent illicit cannabis use with depression (P

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Relationships between social support and depression, and quality of life of the elderly in a rural community in Malaysia

Ibrahim N, Din NC, Ahmad M, Ghazali SE, Said Z, Shahar S, et al.

Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2013 Apr;5 Suppl 1:59-66.
PMID: 23857839 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12068

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to examine the role of social support and depression in predicting the quality of life among the elderly living in a rural Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) community in Malaysia.
METHODS: A total of 162 elderly settlers of FELDA Sungai Tengi, aged 60 years and above, were selected by universal sampling method in this cross-sectional study. Three standardized instruments - the 12-item Short Form (SF-12), 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and Medical Outcome Study Social Support (MOS-Social Support) - were used to assess for quality of life, depression and social support.
RESULTS: Quality of life of the elderly people in this community was high, especially in terms of physical components as compared to mental components. The mean scores for emotional role in the SF-12 was relatively the highest (90.74 ± 21.59) with social functioning being the lowest (30.35 ± 22.29). The results also showed that the mean value was higher for physical component summary (74.40) as compared to mental component summary (51.51). Approximately 23.5% suffered mild depression and only 2.5% had severe depression.
DISCUSSION: This study showed that the elderly FELDA settlers have a high quality of life, mainly on the physical components of life and low rate of severe depression, a positive indicator of their psychological well-being. Social support in the form of emotional/informational support, and depression were significant factors related to their good quality of life.
KEYWORDS: depression; elderly; quality of life; rural community; social support
Study site; FELDA Sungai Tengi, Selangor, Malaysia
Device, Questionnaire & Scale: Short Form Health Survey (SF-12); Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15; Medical Outcome Study Social Support (MOS-Social Support)

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Stressors in secondary boarding school students: association with stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms

Wahab S, Rahman FN, Wan Hasan WM, Zamani IZ, Arbaiei NC, Khor SL, et al.

Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2013 Apr;5 Suppl 1:82-9.
PMID: 23857842 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12067

Chronic stress in adolescents may cause physical, mental and emotional health issues which lead to poor outcomes if left untreated. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress, and their association with stressors.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Clinical features of depression in Asia: results of a large prospective, cross-sectional study

Srisurapanont M, Hong JP, Tian-Mei S, Hatim A, Liu CY, Udomratn P, et al.

Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2013 Dec;5(4):259-67.
PMID: 24038919 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12104

The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical features of depression in Asian patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data
Depression and coping in adults undergoing dialysis for end-stage renal disease

Ibrahim N, Kong NCT, Desa A, Razali R

Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2013 Apr;5 Suppl 1:35-40.
PMID: 23857835 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12042

Introduction: Research on depression in local patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is sparse. Thus, this study aims to examine the frequency and severity of depression among ESRD patients and relate depression with their coping skills.
Methods: A cross-sectional study using universal sampling method was conducted at several dialysis centers in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Johor, Malaysia. The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and the Brief COPE scale were used to measure depression and coping skill, respectively.
Results: The study involved 274 ESRD patients, comprising of 183 hemodialysis and 91 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. The result showed that 21.1% of the patients experienced moderate to severe depression. Several components of coping skill were associated with depression. However, only two components in the Brief COPE (behavioral disengagement and self-blame) were identified as predictors.
Discussion: This study showed that depression is common in ESRD patients and is related to the types of coping skills adopted by patients. Hence, this study provides some insight into ESRD patients with depression. Appropriate counseling should be given to these patients to empower them to cope with the illness so as to enhance their quality of life.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales

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