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The Concept of Qailulah (Midday Napping) from Neuroscientific and Islamic Perspectives

Tumiran MA, Rahman NNA, Saat RM, Kabir N, Zulkifli MY, Adli DSH

J Relig Health, 2018 Aug;57(4):1363-1375.
PMID: 26266758 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-015-0093-7

Napping/siesta during the day is a phenomenon, which is widely practised in the world. However, the timing, frequency, and duration may vary. The basis of napping is also diverse, but it is mainly done for improvement in alertness and general well-being. Neuroscience reveals that midday napping improves memory, enhances alertness, boosts wakefulness and performance, and recovers certain qualities of lost night sleep. Interestingly, Islam, the religion of the Muslims, advocates midday napping primarily because it was a practice preferred by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The objectives of this review were to investigate and compare identical key points on focused topic from both neuroscientific and Islamic perspectives and make recommendations for future researches.

Matched MeSH terms: Wakefulness/physiology*
Fulltext Validation of a modified algometer to measure mechanical nociceptive thresholds in awake dogs

Kaka U, Chen HC, Goh YM, Abubakar AA, Fakurazi S, Ebrahimi M

Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:375421.
PMID: 26075236 DOI: 10.1155/2015/375421

This study was conducted to validate the use of a modified algometer device to measure mechanical nociceptive thresholds in six dogs. Dogs were administered morphine intravenously (IV) at 1 mg/kg or saline at equivolume in a crossover design with one-week washout period. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds were determined before, after the administration of treatments at 5 minutes, and hourly for 8 hours. Thresholds were recorded at the carpal pad, metacarpal foot pad, tibia, femur, and abdomen. Heart rates, body temperature, and respiration were recorded at similar time points. Thresholds increased significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline values for up to 3 hours at tibia and abdomen, 4 hours at metacarpal pad, and 5 hours at the carpal pad and femur. Hypothermia, bradycardia, and change in respiration were observed in all dogs after morphine injection. Saline did not alter any threshold levels during the eight-hour study period, indicating no evidence of tolerance, learned avoidance, or local hyperaesthesia. The device and methods of testing were well tolerated by all the dogs. Results suggest that the modified algometer and method of application are useful to measure nociceptive mechanical thresholds in awake dogs.

Matched MeSH terms: Wakefulness/physiology*
Fulltext Electroacupuncture-Assisted Craniotomy on an Awake Patient

Sidhu A, Murgahayah T, Narayanan V, Chandran H, Waran V

J Acupunct Meridian Stud, 2017 Jan;10(1):45-48.
PMID: 28254101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2016.06.005

Although acupuncture has existed for over 2000 years, its application as an anesthetic aid began in the 1950s in China. The first surgical procedure performed under acupuncture anesthesia was a tonsillectomy. Soon thereafter, major and minor surgical procedures took place with electroacupuncture alone providing the anesthesia. The procedures performed were diverse, ranging from cardiothoracic surgery to dental extractions. Usage of acupuncture anesthesia, specifically in neurosurgery, has been well documented in hospitals across China, especially in Beijing, dating back to the 1970s. We present a case of a 65-year-old man who presented with right-sided body weakness. He had a past medical history of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea requiring use of a nasal continuous positive airway pressure device during sleep. We performed a computed tomography brain scan, which revealed a left-sided acute on chronic subdural hemorrhage. Due to his multiple comorbidities, we decided to perform the surgical procedure under electroacupuncture anesthesia. The aim of this case report is to describe a craniotomy performed under electroacupuncture on an elderly patient with multiple comorbidities who was awake during the procedure and in whom this procedure, if it had been performed under general anesthesia, would have carried high risk.

Matched MeSH terms: Wakefulness/physiology*
Fulltext Evening home lighting adversely impacts the circadian system and sleep

Cain SW, McGlashan EM, Vidafar P, Mustafovska J, Curran SPN, Wang X, et al.

Sci Rep, 2020 11 05;10(1):19110.
PMID: 33154450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75622-4

The regular rise and fall of the sun resulted in the development of 24-h rhythms in virtually all organisms. In an evolutionary heartbeat, humans have taken control of their light environment with electric light. Humans are highly sensitive to light, yet most people now use light until bedtime. We evaluated the impact of modern home lighting environments in relation to sleep and individual-level light sensitivity using a new wearable spectrophotometer. We found that nearly half of homes had bright enough light to suppress melatonin by 50%, but with a wide range of individual responses (0-87% suppression for the average home). Greater evening light relative to an individual's average was associated with increased wakefulness after bedtime. Homes with energy-efficient lights had nearly double the melanopic illuminance of homes with incandescent lighting. These findings demonstrate that home lighting significantly affects sleep and the circadian system, but the impact of lighting for a specific individual in their home is highly unpredictable.

Matched MeSH terms: Wakefulness/physiology*
Ramadan fasting alters sleep behavior in type 2 diabetes patients

Lee JY, Tan CSS, Lee SWH

J Diabetes, 2019 Jan;11(1):93-94.
PMID: 30094944 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12838
Matched MeSH terms: Wakefulness/physiology*
The impact of heart rate-based drowsiness monitoring on adverse driving events in heavy vehicle drivers under naturalistic conditions

Wolkow AP, Rajaratnam SMW, Wilkinson V, Shee D, Baker A, Lillington T, et al.

Sleep Health, 2020 06;6(3):366-373.
PMID: 32340910 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2020.03.005

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the influence of a wrist-worn heart rate drowsiness detection device on heavy vehicle driver safety and sleep and its ability to predict driving events under naturalistic conditions.
DESIGN: Prospective, non-randomized trial.
SETTING: Naturalistic driving in Malaysia.
PARTICIPANTS: Heavy vehicle drivers in Malaysia were assigned to the Device (n = 25) or Control condition (n = 34).
INTERVENTION: Both conditions were monitored for driving events at work over 4-weeks in Phase 1, and 12-weeks in Phase 2. In Phase 1, the Device condition wore the device operated in the silent mode (i.e., no drowsiness alerts) to examine the accuracy of the device in predicting driving events. In Phase 2, the Device condition wore the device in the active mode to examine if drowsiness alerts from the device influenced the rate of driving events (compared to Phase 1).
MEASUREMENTS: All participants were monitored for harsh braking and harsh acceleration driving events and self-reported sleep duration and sleepiness daily.
RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in the rate of harsh braking events (Rate ratio = 0.48, p

Matched MeSH terms: Wakefulness/physiology*
Fulltext Bedtime routines for young children: a dose-dependent association with sleep outcomes

Mindell JA, Li AM, Sadeh A, Kwon R, Goh DY

Sleep, 2015 May;38(5):717-22.
PMID: 25325483 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4662

Establishment of a consistent bedtime routine (the activities that occur right before lights out) is often recommended as part of healthy sleep habits. However, no studies have investigated the dose-dependent association of a bedtime routine with sleep outcomes, especially in young children for whom they are particularly recommended. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the associations of a consistent bedtime routine with sleep outcomes in young children (ages 0 through 5 y) in a large global sample and assess whether there is a dose-dependent relationship between the frequency of a bedtime routine both concurrently and retrospectively with sleep outcomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Wakefulness/physiology
Pathophysiology of depression: role of sleep and the melatonergic system

Srinivasan V, Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Spence DW, Hardeland R, Poeggeler B, et al.

Psychiatry Res, 2009 Feb 28;165(3):201-14.
PMID: 19181389 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.11.020

Profound disturbances in sleep architecture occur in major depressive disorders (MDD) and in bipolar affective disorders. Reduction in slow wave sleep, decreased latency of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and abnormalities in the timing of REM/non-REM sleep cycles have all been documented in patients with MDD. It is thus evident that an understanding of the basic mechanisms of sleep regulation is essential for an analysis of the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which functions as the body's master circadian clock, plays a major role in the regulation of the sleep/wakefulness rhythm and interacts actively with the homeostatic processes that regulate sleep. The control of melatonin secretion by the SCN, the occurrence of high concentrations of melatonin receptors in the SCN, and the suppression of electrical activity in the SCN by melatonin all underscore the major influence which this neurohormone has in regulating the sleep/wake cycle. The transition from wakefulness to high sleep propensity is associated with the nocturnal rise of endogenous melatonin secretion. Various lines of evidence show that depressed patients exhibit disturbances in both the amplitude and shape of the melatonin secretion rhythm and that melatonin can improve the quality of sleep in these patients. The choice of a suitable antidepressant that improves sleep quality is thus important while treating a depressive disorder. The novel antidepressant agomelatine, which combines the properties of a 5-HT(2C) antagonist and a melatonergic MT(1)/MT(2) receptor agonist, has been found very effective for resetting the disturbed sleep/wake cycle and in improving the clinical status of MDD. Agomelatine has also been found useful in treating sleep problems and improving the clinical status of patients suffering from seasonal affective disorder.

Matched MeSH terms: Wakefulness/physiology