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Antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiling of Vibrio spp. in tropical waters of Peninsular Malaysia

You KG, Bong CW, Lee CW

Environ Monit Assess, 2016 Mar;188(3):171.
PMID: 26884358 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5163-0

Vibrio species isolated from four different sampling stations in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia were screened for their antimicrobial resistance and plasmid profiles. A total of 138 isolates belonging to 15 different species were identified. Vibrio campbellii, V. parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. tubiashii were found to predominance species at all stations. High incidence of erythromycin, ampicillin, and mecillinam resistance was observed among the Vibrio isolates. In contrast, resistance against aztreonam, cefepime, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfonamides was low. All the Vibrio isolates in this study were found to be susceptible to imipenem, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and oxytetracycline. Ninety-five percent of the Vibrio isolates were resistant to one or more different classes of antibiotic, and 20 different resistance antibiograms were identified. Thirty-two distinct plasmid profiles with molecular weight ranging from 2.2 to 24.8 kb were detected among the resistance isolates. This study showed that multidrug-resistant Vibrio spp. were common in the aquatic environments of west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
Temporal variation of phytoplankton growth and grazing loss in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Lim JH, Lee CW, Kudo I

Environ Monit Assess, 2015 May;187(5):246.
PMID: 25864082 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4487-5

Phytoplankton growth (μ) and grazing loss (g) rates were measured monthly by the Landry-Hassett dilution method over a 2-year period at both estuarine (Klang) and coastal water (Port Dickson) systems along the Straits of Malacca. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration ranged from 0.20 to 4.47 μg L(-1) at Klang except on two occasions when Chl a spiked above 10 μg L(-1). In contrast, Chl a concentrations were relatively stable at Port Dickson (0.14 to 2.76 μg L(-1)). From the rate measurements, μ was higher (t = 2.01, df = 43, p 0.80). g ranged from 0.30 to 1.50 and 0.21 to 1.51 day(-1) at Klang and Port Dickson, respectively. In this study, grazing loss was coupled to phytoplankton growth, and the ratio of g/μ or grazing pressure which estimates the proportion of primary production grazed was 50% at Klang and lower than at Port Dickson (68%; t = 2.213, df = 36, p
Influence of elevated river flow on hypoxia occurrence, nutrient concentration and microbial dynamics in a tropical estuary

Lee CW, Lim JH, Heng PL, Marican NF, Narayanan K, Sim EUH, et al.

Environ Monit Assess, 2020 Sep 25;192(10):660.
PMID: 32975666 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08625-3

We sampled the Klang estuary during the inter-monsoon and northeast monsoon period (July-Nov 2011, Oct-Nov 2012), which coincided with higher rainfall and elevated Klang River flow. The increased freshwater inflow into the estuary resulted in water column stratification that was observed during both sampling periods. Dissolved oxygen (DO) dropped below 63 μM, and hypoxia was observed. Elevated river flow also transported dissolved inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll a and bacteria to the estuary. However, bacterial production did not correlate with DO concentration in this study. As hypoxia was probably not due to in situ heterotrophic processes, deoxygenated waters were probably from upstream. We surmised this as DO correlated with salinity (R2 = 0.664, df = 86, p 6.7 h), hypoxia could occur at the Klang estuary. Here, we presented a model that related riverine flow rate to the post-heavy rainfall hypoxia that explicated the episodic hypoxia at Klang estuary. As Klang estuary supports aquaculture and cockle culture, our results could help protect the aquaculture and cockle culture industry here.
Synechococcus production and grazing loss rates in nearshore tropical waters

Heng PL, Lim JH, Lee CW

Environ Monit Assess, 2017 Mar;189(3):117.
PMID: 28220442 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5838-1

Temporal variation of Synechococcus, its production (μ) and grazing loss (g) rates were studied for 2 years at nearshore stations, i.e. Port Dickson and Port Klang along the Straits of Malacca. Synechococcus abundance at Port Dickson (0.3-2.3 × 10(5) cell ml(-1)) was always higher than at Port Klang (0.3-7.1 × 10(4) cell ml(-1)) (p 0.25), but nutrient and light availability were important factors for their distribution. The relationship was modelled as log Synechococcus = 0.37Secchi - 0.01DIN + 4.52 where light availability (as Secchi disc depth) was a more important determinant. From a two-factorial experiment, nutrients were not significant for Synechococcus growth as in situ nutrient concentrations exceeded the threshold for saturated growth. However, light availability was important and elevated Synechococcus growth rates especially at Port Dickson (F = 5.94, p 0.30). In nearshore tropical waters, an estimated 69 % of Synechococcus production could be grazed.
Effects of eutrophication on diatom abundance, biovolume and diversity in tropical coastal waters

Lim JH, Lee CW

Environ Monit Assess, 2017 Aug 03;189(9):432.
PMID: 28823015 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6147-4

Diatom abundance, biovolume and diversity were measured over a 2-year period along the Straits of Malacca at two stations with upper (Klang) and lower (Port Dickson) states of eutrophication. Diatom abundance, which ranged from 0.2 × 10(4) to 21.7 × 10(4) cells L(-1) at Klang and 0.9 × 10(3)- 41.3 × 10(3) cells L(-1) at Port Dickson, was influenced partly by nutrient concentrations. At Klang, the diatoms were generally smaller and less diverse (H' = 0.77 ± 0.48) and predominated by Skeletonema spp. (60 ± 32% of total diatom biomass). In contrast, diatoms were larger and more diverse (H' = 1.40 ± 0.67) at Port Dickson. Chaetoceros spp. were the most abundant diatoms at Port Dickson but attributed only 48 ± 30% of total diatom biomass. Comparison of both Klang and Port Dickson showed that their diatom community structure differed and that eutrophication reduced diatom diversity at Klang. We also observed how Si(OH)4 affected the abundance of Skeletonema spp. which in turn influenced the temporal variation of diatom community at Klang. Our results highlighted how eutrophication affects diatom diversity and community structure.
2020 Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology Consensus Recommendations on the Use of P2Y12 Receptor Antagonists in the Asia-Pacific Region

Tan JW, Chew DP, Abdul Kader MAS, Ako J, Bahl VK, Chan M, et al.

Eur Cardiol, 2021 Feb;16:e02.
PMID: 33708263 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2020.40

The unique characteristics of patients with acute coronary syndrome in the Asia-Pacific region mean that international guidelines on the use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) cannot be routinely applied to these populations. Newer generation P2Y12 inhibitors (i.e. ticagrelor and prasugrel) have demonstrated improved clinical outcomes compared with clopidogrel. However, low numbers of Asian patients participated in pivotal studies and few regional studies comparing DAPTs have been conducted. This article aims to summarise current evidence on the use of newer generation P2Y12 inhibitors in Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome and provide recommendations to assist clinicians, especially cardiologists, in selecting a DAPT regimen. Guidance is provided on the management of ischaemic and bleeding risks, including duration of therapy, switching strategies and the management of patients with ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation MI or those requiring surgery. In particular, the need for an individualised DAPT regimen and considerations relating to switching, de-escalating, stopping or continuing DAPT beyond 12 months are discussed.
Environmental control of Vibrio spp. abundance and community structure in tropical waters

Wong YY, Lee CW, Bong CW, Lim JH, Narayanan K, Sim EUH

FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 2019 11 01;95(11).
PMID: 31688899 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz176

We measured Vibrio spp. distribution and community profile in the tropical estuary of Port Klang and coastal water of Port Dickson, Malaysia. Vibrio spp. abundance ranged from 15 to 2395 colony forming units mL-1, and was driven by salinity and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration. However, the effect of salinity was pronounced only when salinity was <20 ppt. A total of 27 Vibrio spp. were identified, and theVibrio spp. community at Port Dickson was more diverse (H' = 1.94 ± 0.21). However species composition between Port Dickson and Port Klang were similar. Two frequently occurring Vibrio spp. were V. owensii and V. rotiferianus, which exhibited relatively higher growth rates (ANCOVA: F > 4.338, P < 0.05). Co-culture experiments between fast- and slow-growing Vibrio spp. revealed that fast-growing Vibrio spp. (r-strategists) were overwhelmed by slower-growing Vibrio spp. (K-strategists) when nutrient conditions were set towards oligotrophy. In response to resource availability, the intrinsic growth strategy of each Vibrio spp. determined its occurrence and the development of Vibrio spp. community composition.
Induction of protein expression within Escherichia coli vector for entry into mammalian cells

Chen Q, Lee CW, Sim EU, Narayanan K

Hum Gene Ther Methods, 2014 Feb;25(1):40-7.
PMID: 24134118 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2012.188

Direct protein delivery into the cytosol of mammalian cells by invasive Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial vector will bypass the need to achieve nuclear entry and transcription of DNA, a major hurdle that is known to seriously limit gene transfer. The bacterial vector is induced to express the protein during its growth phase, before presentation for entry into mammalian cells and release of its content into the cellular environment. For this class of vector, crossing the plasma membrane becomes the primary step that determines the success of protein delivery. Yet, how the mechanics of protein expression within the vector affect its entry into the host is poorly understood. We found the vector's effectiveness to enter HeLa cells diminished together with its viability when phage N15 protelomerase (TelN) expression was induced continuously in the invasive E. coli despite producing an abundant amount of functional protein. By comparison, shorter induction, even as little as 3 hr, produced sufficient amounts of functional TelN and showed more effective invasion of HeLa cells, comparable to that of uninduced invasive E. coli. These results demonstrate that brief induction of protein expression during vector growth is essential for optimal entry into mammalian cells, an important step for achieving bacteria-mediated protein delivery.
Fulltext Monitoring Consumption of Common Illicit Drugs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Wastewater-Cased Epidemiology

Du P, Liu X, Zhong G, Zhou Z, Thomes MW, Lee CW, et al.

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020 01 31;17(3).
PMID: 32023897 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030889

Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia play a major role in global drug trade and abuse. Use of amphetamine-type stimulants has increased in the past decade in Malaysia. This study aimed to apply wastewater-based epidemiology for the first time in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to estimate the consumption of common illicit drugs in urban population. Influent wastewater samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Kuala Lumpur in the summer of 2017. Concentrations of twenty-four drug biomarkers were analyzed for estimating drug consumption. Fourteen drug residues were detected with concentrations of up to 1640 ng/L. Among the monitored illicit drugs, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy had the highest estimated per capita consumptions. Consumption and dose of amphetamine-type stimulants (methamphetamine and MDMA) were both an order of magnitude higher than those of opioids (heroin and codeine, methadone and tramadol). Amphetamine-type stimulants were the most prevalent drugs, replacing opioids in the drug market. The prevalence trend measured by wastewater-based epidemiology data reflected the shift to amphetamine-type stimulants as reported by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Narcotics Cooperation Center. Most of the undetected drug residues were new psychoactive substances (NPSs), suggesting a low prevalence of NPSs in the drug market.
Fulltext Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Exacerbates Viral Entry in SARS-CoV2-Infected iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Lee CY, Huang CH, Rastegari E, Rengganaten V, Liu PC, Tsai PH, et al.

Int J Mol Sci, 2021 Sep 13;22(18).
PMID: 34576032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189869

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with high infectivity and mortality has caused severe social and economic impacts worldwide. Growing reports of COVID-19 patients with multi-organ damage indicated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) may also disturb the cardiovascular system. Herein, we used human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (iCMs) as the in vitro platform to examine the consequence of SARS-CoV2 infection on iCMs. Differentiated iCMs expressed the primary SARS-CoV2 receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme-II (ACE2) and the transmembrane protease serine type 2 (TMPRSS2) receptor suggesting the susceptibility of iCMs to SARS-CoV2. Following the infection of iCMs with SARS-CoV2, the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein was detected in the host cells, demonstrating the successful infection. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the SARS-CoV2 infection upregulates several inflammation-related genes, including the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The pretreatment of iCMs with TNF-α for 24 h, significantly increased the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, SASR-CoV2 entry receptors. The TNF-α pretreatment enhanced the entry of GFP-expressing SARS-CoV2 pseudovirus into iCMs, and the neutralization of TNF-α ameliorated the TNF-α-enhanced viral entry. Collectively, SARS-CoV2 elevated TNF-α expression, which in turn enhanced the SARS-CoV2 viral entry. Our findings suggest that, TNF-α may participate in the cytokine storm and aggravate the myocardial damage in COVID-19 patients.
Hericium erinaceus Promotes Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Regulation of Metabolites in an Animal Model of Cerebellar Ataxia

Chau SC, Chong PS, Jin H, Tsui KC, Khairuddin S, Tse ACK, et al.

Int J Mol Sci, 2023 Mar 23;24(7).
PMID: 37047062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076089

Cerebellar ataxia is a neurodegenerative disorder with no definitive treatment. Although previous study demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of Hericium erinaceus (H.E.), the mechanisms of H.E. treatment on the neuroinflammatory response, neurotransmission, and related metabolites remain largely unknown. We demonstrated that 3-AP rats treated with 25 mg/kg H.E. extracts had improved motor coordination and balance in the accelerated rotarod and rod tests. We showed that the H.E. treatment upregulated the expression of Tgfb1, Tgfb2, and Smad3 genes to levels comparable to those in the non-3-AP control group. Interestingly, we also observed a significant correlation between Tgfb2 gene expression and rod test performance in the 3-AP saline group, but not in the non-3-AP control or H.E.+3-AP groups, indicating a relationship between Tgfb2 gene expression and motor balance in the 3-AP rat model. Additionally, we also found that the H.E. treatment increased mitochondrial COX-IV protein expression and normalized dopamine-serotonin neurotransmission and metabolite levels in the cerebellum of the H.E.+3-AP group compared to the 3-AP saline group. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the H.E. treatment improved motor function in the 3-AP rat model, which was potentially mediated through neuroprotective mechanisms involving TGFB2-Smad3 signaling via normalization of neurotransmission and metabolic pathways.
Differential expression of a subset of ribosomal protein genes in cell lines derived from human nasopharyngeal epithelium

Sim EU, Ang CH, Ng CC, Lee CW, Narayanan K

J Hum Genet, 2010 Feb;55(2):118-20.
PMID: 19927161 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.124

Extraribosomal functions of human ribosomal proteins (RPs) include the regulation of cellular growth and differentiation, and are inferred from studies that linked congenital disorders and cancer to the deregulated expression of RP genes. We have previously shown the upregulation and downregulation of RP genes in tumors of colorectal and nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs), respectively. Herein, we show that a subset of RP genes for the large ribosomal subunit is differentially expressed among cell lines derived from the human nasopharyngeal epithelium. Three such genes (RPL27, RPL37a and RPL41) were found to be significantly downregulated in all cell lines derived from NPC tissues compared with a nonmalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line. The expression of RPL37a and RPL41 genes in human nasopharyngeal tissues has not been reported previously. Our findings support earlier suspicions on the existence of NPC-associated RP genes, and indicate their importance in human nasopharyngeal organogenesis.
Fulltext Sarcopenia is a useful risk stratification tool to prognosticate splenic abscess patients in the emergency department

Hung SK, Kou HW, Hsu KH, Wu CT, Lee CW, Leonard Goh ZN, et al.

J Formos Med Assoc, 2021 Mar;120(3):997-1004.
PMID: 32917483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.08.039

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Splenic abscess is a life-threatening surgical emergency which requires early diagnosis and intervention to maximize patient outcomes. This can be achieved through accurate risk stratification in the emergency department (ED). Sarcopenia refers to an age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength that is accompanied by major physiologic and clinical ramifications, and often signifies decreased physiologic reserves. It is associated with poor clinical outcomes in sepsis, acute respiratory failure, oncological surgery, and liver transplantation. This study evaluates the utility of sarcopenia as a radiological stratification tool to predict in-hospital mortality of splenic abscess patients in the ED. This will assist emergency physicians, internists and surgeons in rapid risk stratification, assessing treatment options, and communicating with family members.
METHODS: 99 adult patients at four training and research hospitals who had undergone an abdominal contrast computed tomography scan in the ED with the final diagnosis of splenic abscess from January 2004 to November 2017 were recruited. Evaluation for sarcopenia was performed via calculating the psoas cross-sectional area at the level of the third lumbar vertebra and normalising for height, before checking it against pre-defined values. Univariate analyses were used to evaluate the differences between survivors and non-survivors. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the presence of sarcopenia in predicting in-hospital mortality were calculated. Kaplan-Meier methods, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards model were also performed to examine survival between groups with sarcopenia versus non-sarcopenia.
RESULTS: Splenic abscess patients with sarcopenia were 7.56 times more at risk of in-hospital mortality than those without sarcopenia (multivariate-adjusted HR: 7.56; 95% CI: 1.55-36.93). Presence of sarcopenia was found to have 84.62% sensitivity and 96.49% negative predictive value in predicting mortality.
CONCLUSION: Sarcopenia is associated with poor prognoses of in-hospital mortality in patients with splenic abscess presenting to the ED. We recommend its use in the ED to rapidly risk stratify and predict outcome to guide treatment strategies.
The impact of eutrophication towards selected bacterial process rates in tropical coastal waters

Lim JH, Lee CW, Bong CW, Kudo I

Mar Pollut Bull, 2021 May 25;169:112524.
PMID: 34049069 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112524

The dissolved organic nutrient conditions and bacterial process rates at two tropical coastal sites in Peninsular Malaysia (Port Klang and Port Dickson) were initially studied in 2004-2005 period and later revisited in 2010-2011. We observed that dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) increased about two- and ten-fold at Port Klang and Port Dickson, respectively and resulted in a significant change in DOC:DON ratio (t ≥ 2.077, p
Distributions of particulate and dissolved phosphorus in aquatic habitats of Peninsular Malaysia

Lim JH, Lee CW, Bong CW, Affendi YA, Hii YS, Kudo I

Mar Pollut Bull, 2018 Mar;128:415-427.
PMID: 29571392 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.037

Particulate phosphorus was the dominant phosphorus species and accounted for 72 ± 5% of total phosphorus in coastal habitats, 63 ± 4% in estuaries, 58 ± 6% in lakes and 80 ± 7% in aquaculture farms whereas dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) were minor components. Correlation analyses (DIP vs Chl a; R2 = 0.407, df = 31, p 
Distribution of faecal indicator bacteria in tropical waters of Peninsular Malaysia and their decay rates in tropical seawater

Wong YY, Lee CW, Chai SCY, Lim JH, Bong CW, Sim EUH, et al.

Mar Pollut Bull, 2022 Dec;185(Pt A):114297.
PMID: 36327936 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114297

We investigated the appropriateness of faecal indicator bacteria in tropical waters. We compared total coliform (undetectable to 7.2 × 105 cfu 100 mL-1), faecal coliform (undetectable to 6.1 × 105 cfu 100 mL-1) and enterococci (undetectable to 3.1 × 104 cfu 100 mL-1) distribution in Peninsular Malaysia. Faecal indicator bacteria was highest in freshwater, and lowest in seawater (q > 4.18, p
Distribution of black carbon and PAHs in sediments of Peninsular Malaysia

Vaezzadeh V, Yi X, Rais FR, Bong CW, Thomes MW, Lee CW, et al.

Mar Pollut Bull, 2021 Nov;172:112871.
PMID: 34428623 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112871

Concentrations, sources and interactions between black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in 42 sediment samples collected from riverine, coastal and shelf areas in Peninsular Malaysia. The concentrations of BC measured by benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method and PAHs showed broad spatial variations between the relatively pristine environment of the East coast and developed environment of the West and South coast ranging from 0.02 to 0.36% dw and 57.7 ng g-1 dw to 19,300 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Among diagnostic ratios of PAHs, the ratios of Ant/(Ant+Phe) and LMW/HMW drew the clearest distinctions between the East coast versus the West and South coast sediments indicating the predominance of petrogenic sources in the former versus pyrogenic sources in the latter. PAHs significantly correlated with BC and total organic carbon (TOC) in the sediments (p
Corrigendum to "Distribution of black carbon and PAHs in sediments of Peninsular Malaysia" [Mar. Pollut. Bull.172 (2021) 112871]

Vaezzadeh V, Yi X, Rais FR, Bong CW, Thomes MW, Lee CW, et al.

Mar Pollut Bull, 2023 May;190:114797.
PMID: 37001406 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114797
Storage and dynamics of soil organic carbon in allochthonous-dominated and nitrogen-limited natural and planted mangrove forests in southern Thailand

Hu J, Pradit S, Loh PS, Chen Z, Guo C, Le TPQ, et al.

Mar Pollut Bull, 2024 Jan 29;200:116064.
PMID: 38290368 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116064

Mangrove forests can help to mitigate climate change by storing a significant amount of carbon (C) in soils. Planted mangrove forests have been established to combat anthropogenic threats posed by climate change. However, the efficiency of planted forests in terms of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and dynamics relative to that of natural forests is unclear. We assessed SOC and nutrient storage, SOC sources and drivers in a natural and a planted forest in southern Thailand. Although the planted forest stored more C and nutrients than the natural forest, the early-stage planted forest was not a strong sink relative to mudflat. Both forests were predominated by allochthonous organic C and nitrogen limited, with total nitrogen being a major driver of SOC in both cases. SOC showed a significant decline along land-to-sea and depth gradients as a result of soil texture, nutrient availability, and pH in the natural forest.
Tunable metasurfaces for visible and SWIR applications

Lee CW, Choi HJ, Jeong H

Nano Converg, 2020 Jan 20;7(1):3.
PMID: 31956942 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-019-0213-2

Demand on optical or photonic applications in the visible or short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectra, such as vision, virtual or augmented displays, imaging, spectroscopy, remote sensing (LIDAR), chemical reaction sensing, microscopy, and photonic integrated circuits, has envisaged new type of subwavelength-featured materials and devices for controlling electromagnetic waves. The study on metasurfaces, of which the thickness is either comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of the considered incoming electromagnetic wave, has been grown rapidly to embrace the needs of developing sub 100-micron active photonic pixelated devices and their arrayed form. Meta-atoms in metasurfaces are now actively controlled under external stimuli to lead to a large phase shift upon the incident light, which has provided a huge potential for arrayed two-dimensional active optics. This short review summarizes actively tunable or reconfigurable metasurfaces for the visible or SWIR spectra, to account for the physical operating principles and the current issues to overcome.

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