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  1. Assessing the willingness to pay for HIV counselling and testing service: a contingent valuation study in Lagos State, Nigeria
    Adekunjo FO, Rasiah R, Dahlui M, Ng CW
    Afr J AIDS Res, 2020 Dec;19(4):287-295.
    PMID: 33337980 DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2020.1834417
    HIV/AIDS is a major health issue faced by the world, generally, but particularly sub-Saharan Africa. Nigeria ranked third in the world by number of people living with HIV/AIDS in 2019. Despite prominent HIV counselling and testing (HCT) intervention programmes, Nigeria faces serious challenges, such as inadequate funding and low utilisation rates. Paucity of research into such a critical topic has restricted the capacity of policy makers to address the problem adequately. Consequently, a cross-sectional study was carried out using the contingent valuation method to assess the economic quantum of payment and determining factors associated with people's willingness to pay for HCT services. Data were collected from 768 people selected by convenience sampling of three local government areas - Alimosho, Ikorodu and Surulere in Lagos State, Nigeria. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and general linear regression model analysis. Findings show that 75% of respondents were willing to pay an average fee of N1 291 ($4.22) for HCT services. Significant determinants of willingness to pay were: income; knowledge of someone living with HIV or died of AIDS; worry about HIV infection; and fear of HIV-related stigma. The findings offer vital information germane to co-payment schemes aimed at financial sustainability of HCT and HIV/AIDS programmes in Nigeria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude to Health
  2. Moderating effects of age on relationships between attitudes to aging and well-being outcomes
    Faudzi FNM, Armitage CJ, Bryant C, Brown LJE
    Aging Ment Health, 2020 10;24(10):1620-1626.
    PMID: 31099260 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1619167
    Objectives: More positive attitudes to aging are associated with better health and wellbeing outcomes. This study examined whether chronological age moderated relationships between attitudes to aging and wellbeing outcomes, and whether these relationships differ according to the specific attitudinal construct measured.Method: Participants were 911 adults aged 18-60 years (mean = 36.63 years). Attitudes to ageing were measured using the Malay Reactions to Ageing Questionnaire (M-RAQ), which focuses on respondents' anticipated reactions to being aged over 65 years, and the Malay Anxiety about Ageing Scale (M-AAS), which additionally captures respondents' fears and anxieties about current aging and older people. Wellbeing outcomes were measured using the Warwick- Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS).Results: More positive attitudes to ageing were associated with higher levels of wellbeing and life satisfaction after controlling for age, gender, education, and self-rated health. Age moderated the relationships between the M-AAS and wellbeing and life satisfaction, with stronger relationships in younger adults. No moderating effects of age were found for the M-RAQ.Conclusion: The difference in the moderating effects of age between measures suggests that the two attitudinal constructs captured by these two measures operate in different ways. In particular, the current emotional/anxiety components of attitudes to ageing may differentially affect wellbeing at different ages. This suggests that interventions aimed at the promotion of wellbeing through coping with aging-related anxieties might be particularly well-suited to younger adults, who may be less able to respond effectively to the anxieties they experience.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude*
  3. Comparison of nurses and general caregivers' knowledge, attitude, and practice on medication administration process and their distress level in long-term care facilities across Penang, Kuala Lumpur, and Selangor of Malaysia
    Tangiisuran B, Tye SC, Leow MY, Awang R
    Aging Clin Exp Res, 2018 Feb;30(2):183-191.
    PMID: 28527134 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-017-0772-1
    AIM: Comparing nurses and general caregivers' knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) on medication administration process in long-term care (LTC) setting and an assessment of their stress, anxiety, and depression (SAD) level.
    METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among nurses and general caregivers working in LTC using a validated questionnaire. Consisting of demographic characteristics (Section 1); 40 questions on KAP (Section 2); and assessment of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) (Section 3).
    RESULTS: 155 formally paid staffs in 26 LTC facilities were recruited. Nurses scored significantly higher in the knowledge section compared to caregivers (12.4 ± 1.7 vs. 4.5 ± 3.8; P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude of Health Personnel*
  4. Fulltext The use of complementary and alternative medicine among Malay breast cancer survivors
    Shaharudin SH, Sulaiman S, Emran NA, Shahril MR, Hussain SN
    Altern Ther Health Med, 2011 Jan-Feb;17(1):50-6.
    PMID: 21614944
    BACKGROUND: A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use by breast cancer survivors.
    METHODS: A descriptive survey design was developed. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, cancer clinical treatment history, and use of CAM were obtained through a modified self-administered questionnaire from 116 Malay breast cancer survivors aged 21 to 67 years who were 2 years postdiagnosis and currently undergoing follow-up treatment at breast cancer clinics at Hospital Kuala Lumpur and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre.
    RESULTS: Data suggest that 64% of the participants were identified as CAM users; dietary supplements were the most common form used, followed by prayer and Malay traditional medicine. Within the wide range of dietary supplements, multivitamins were most often taken followed by spirulina, vitamin C, evening primrose oil, and herbal products. Contrary to other findings, the CAM users were found to be older, had secondary education levels, and were from middle-income households. However, there was no significant difference between CAM users and nonusers in this study. Family members played an important role as the main source of information along with doctors/health care providers, friends, and printed materials/mass media. The reasons participants gave for using CAM were mainly to assist in healing the body's inner strength, to cure cancer, and to reduce stress. Only half of the participants consulted with their physicians regarding the safety of CAM use. The participants began to use CAM while undergoing clinical treatments. Most of the participants used CAM for more than a year. About RM100 to RM149 (31.88 USD to 47.50 USD at press time) were spent monthly on CAM by 32% of the participants. The CAM use was found to be effective and beneficial for patients' disease states, and they were contented with the usage of the CAM therapies. Multivariate analysis revealed that thedecision to use or not to use CAM was not dependent on sociodemographic background or cancer clinical treatment history.
    CONCLUSIONS: CAM was commonly used by breast cancer survivors as a coping mechanism to battle the disease.
    Study site: Breast cancer clinics, Hospital Kuala Lumpur and Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude to Health*
  5. Fulltext Smoking beliefs and behavior among youth in Malaysia and Thailand
    Parkinson CM, Hammond D, Fong GT, Borland R, Omar M, Sirirassamee B, et al.
    Am J Health Behav, 2009 Jul-Aug;33(4):366-75.
    PMID: 19182982
    To characterize smoking beliefs among Thai and Malaysian youth and to examine associations with gender, antismoking media exposure, and smoking status.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude to Health*
  6. An assessment of the knowledge, attitudes, and risk perceptions of pharmacy students regarding HIV/AIDS
    Ahmed SI, Hassali MA, Aziz NA
    Am J Pharm Educ, 2009 Feb 19;73(1):15.
    PMID: 19513153
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of knowledge, attitudes, and risk perceptions of University Sains Malaysia final-year pharmacy students regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunity deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

    METHOD: A cross-sectional study among pharmacy students. Data were analyzed with Chi-square to find difference at p value < 0.05.

    RESULTS: The majority of students (83.07%) responded showing a difference in gender and race. Students showed low willingness (9.2%) to assist patients and low confidence (36.1%) in their education about HIV/AIDS patients. Students recommended HIV testing for health care professionals (69.4%) and patients (75.9%) before surgical procedures. Students knew little about Post Exposure Prophylaxis (18.5%) or about the time for HIV to develop into AIDS (57.4%). About 40% of students were unaware of the inability of antivirals to treat HIV/AIDS. Students had low awareness for opportunistic infections (18.5%), and low agreement on competency to treat and counsel HIV patients (12.9%).

    CONCLUSION: The study highlighted students' misconceptions, negative attitudes, and risk perceptions towards HIV/AIDS.

    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude of Health Personnel*; Attitude to Health
  7. Fulltext Malaysian pharmacy educators' view of the role of non-pharmacy trained educators in teaching pharmacy students
    Ahmadi K, Anwar M, Hassali MA
    Am J Pharm Educ, 2012 Sep 10;76(7):138.
    PMID: 23049110 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe767138
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude of Health Personnel
  8. Fulltext Pharmacy Students' Perceptions of Reflective Portfolios and their Effect on Students' Deep Information-Processing Skills
    Er HM, Jia Ming MK, Keng PS, Nadarajah VD
    Am J Pharm Educ, 2019 Aug;83(6):6851.
    PMID: 31507283 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6851
    Objective. To evaluate pharmacy students' perceptions of the educational value of reflective portfolio and to gain an understanding of the factors that might influence these perceptions. Methods. Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) students' perceptions of using reflective portfolios were evaluated by administering the same questionnaire at the beginning of years 2, 3 and 4 of the curriculum. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the differences among the perception scores of different academic years. Semi-structured interviews were completed with fourth-year students to further explore their experiences with the reflective portfolio. Students' deep information processing (DIP) skills were compared with those of students from another pharmacy cohort whose curriculum did not include a reflective portfolio. Results. The students' perceptions of the reflective portfolio improved significantly as they progressed from year 2 to year 4 of the curriculum. The factors that contributed to a positive experience were a clear understanding of objectives and guidelines for the reflective portfolio, useful mentor feedback, a positive learning attitude and motivation, and having a user-friendly technology platform for submission of the portfolio. The students' DIP skills after completing the reflective portfolio were higher than those of students who did not have a reflective portfolio assignment in their curriculum. Conclusion. Pharmacy students' appreciation of the educational value of a reflective portfolio increased as they progressed to their final year, and their DIP skills improved. These findings support the use of a reflective portfolio as a learning tool for BPharm students' personal and professional development.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude of Health Personnel
  9. Evaluating the contribution of a wildlife health capacity building program on orangutan conservation
    Unwin S, Commitante R, Moss A, Bridges E, Farmer KH, Jaya RL, et al.
    Am J Primatol, 2021 May 21.
    PMID: 34018623 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23273
    One Health is increasingly being used as a tool in ecosystem protection. The Orangutan Veterinary Advisory Group (OVAG) is working to address One Health concerns in Pongo spp. (orangutan) welfare and conservation. Orangutans are vital contributors to the ecosystem health of their range areas. Strengthening national capacity is crucial to make a lasting difference in the currently bleak outlook for orangutan species survival. OVAG is a capacity strengthening and expertise network that brings together all those working with orangutans, in- and ex-situ, to share knowledge, skills, and to collectively learn. Using the One Health paradigm embedded to enhance professional development, the OVAG network is successfully supporting conservation outcomes and impact. As part of our adaptive management approach, and to assess individual and organizational change attributable to the capacity strengthening work of OVAG, we evaluated technical skill test data, program satisfaction data, and asked participants to complete a self-reflective survey. This pilot study of our work demonstrates statistically significant improvements in conservation medicine (t = 5.481, p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude
  10. Cross-cultural psychotherapy: the Malaysian experience. An open system model
    Kinzie JD
    Am J Psychother, 1972 Apr;26(2):220-31.
    PMID: 5024276
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude
  11. Fulltext Deceased Donor Organs: What Can Be Done to Raise Donation Rates Using Evidence From Malaysia?
    Rasiah R, Manikam R, Chandrasekaran SK, Naghavi N, Mubarik S, Mustafa R, et al.
    Am J Transplant, 2016 05;16(5):1540-7.
    PMID: 26602367 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13603
    Organ donation rates have continued to fall seriously short of needs worldwide, with the lowest rates recorded among developing economies. This study seeks to analyze evidence from a developing economy to explore the usefulness of social psychological theory to solve the problem. The study deployed a large survey (n = 10 412) using a convenience sampling procedure targeted at increasing the number of Malaysians registered with the Ministry of Health, Malaysia who are willing to donate organs upon death. Structural equation modeling was deployed to estimate simultaneously the relative influence of cognitive and noncognitive variables on willingness to donate deceased organs. The cognitive factors of donation perception, socioeconomic status and financial incentives, and the noncognitive factors of demography and fear showed a high statistically significant (1%) relationship with willingness to donate organs after death. While financial incentives were significant, cash rewards showed the least impact. Donation perception showed the highest impact, which shows that the development of effective pedagogic programs with simultaneous improvements to the quality of services provided by medical personnel engaged in retrieving and transplanting deceased donor organs can help raise organ donation rates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude to Health*
  12. Continuing medical education: a needs analysis of anaesthetists
    Tucker AP, Miller A, Sweeney D, Jones RW
    Anaesth Intensive Care, 2006 Dec;34(6):765-9.
    PMID: 17183895
    The continuing medical education (CME) needs of anaesthetists within Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore have been largely unknown. The aim of this study was to undertake a comprehensive survey of the attitude to CME, learning preferences, attitudes and abilities relating to self-paced material, literature and information searching, preferred content and preferred approach to CME of anaesthetists within these countries. A survey tool was developed and refined for ease of use by pilot-testing. The survey was mailed to 3,156 anaesthetists throughout Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore. Three options for data return were offered; postal reply, facsimile and a data entry web-page. There were 1,800 responses, which represented a response rate of 57%. The demographics of the respondents were similar to the overall demographics of Fellows of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. A large majority of respondents (92%) stated that their involvement in CME improved patient care. However, almost half the respondents reported that they have difficulty either in participating in current CME activities (31%) or implementing new knowledge into their workplace (14%). Anaesthetists within this region appear to be motivated by the need to make better decisions based on independent standards of practice. While Australia is a world leader in flexible education, it is still emerging as a discipline. Flexible education may be used to facilitate anaesthetists' participation in CME activities and in implementation of new knowledge in their workplace.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude of Health Personnel
  13. Fulltext Asian Livestock Industry Leaders' Perceptions of the Importance of, and Solutions for, Animal Welfare Issues
    Sinclair M, Phillips CJC
    Animals (Basel), 2019 Jun 05;9(6).
    PMID: 31195720 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060319
    The welfare of farm animals has been the focus of increasing international interest, however, the movement has had little engagement with livestock leaders who are, arguably, the stakeholders in the position most able to make decisions that impact on animal welfare at critical times. Previous studies have drawn attention to the need to engage in constructive collaborations with the livestock industry for the betterment of animal welfare, and to uncover mutual benefits for both stakeholders and proponents of animal welfare with which collaborations can be motivated. This study aimed to continue this need to understand leaders in livestock management, by consulting their opinions as to what constitutes the most critical animal welfare issues during farming and slaughter, and what they see as some of the solutions to begin addressing livestock welfare issues in their country. Seventeen focus group sessions were held with 139 leaders in livestock industries in six diverse countries in Asia, including China, India, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, and Bangladesh. Leaders included government representatives, key academics in agriculture, and business managers and leaders within the domestic animal agriculture industries, as relevant to each country. After conducting thematic analysis and applying basic statistical measures, the findings suggest that solutions within the themes of education, training, and awareness are most valued. However, how each of these could be best addressed varied by country. The need for local research and local solutions also contributed to the most frequent opportunities, as did the requirement for prescriptive and consistent standards and expectations. A ranking of animal welfare issues is presented, as is a selection of suggested animal welfare initiatives resulting from the findings of this study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude
  14. Fulltext Dairy Farmers' Perceptions of and Actions in Relation to Lameness Management
    Babatunde SM, Ramanoon SZ, Shaik Mossadeq WM, Mansor R, Syed Hussain SS
    Animals (Basel), 2019 May 23;9(5).
    PMID: 31126064 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050270
    Lameness continues to be a welfare and economic issue for dairy cows. However, the consequences of lameness seem to be better understood by veterinarians and related personnel in comparison to dairy farmers. Prompt detection and treatment of lame cows is essential in reducing its negative impact on milk processing systems. To that end, understanding farmers' perceptions regarding the significance of lameness to dairy cows is vital. One fundamental aspect is the underestimation of lameness prevalence by dairy farmers, which is as a result of different understanding of the problem. The same applies to their decision to treat lame cows and to adopt various detection and management practices. All of these shortcomings contribute to poor cattle welfare and economic losses in dairy production. This review summarizes the results of studies that have investigated dairy farmers' perceptions of lameness and the associated implications on the wellbeing and productivity of dairy cows. Factors associated with farmers' attitudes toward claw health and lameness management are also presented. Additionally, economic observations relating to lameness prevention, treatment and the adoption of lameness detection systems are also highlighted. To strengthen these points, interventional programmes requiring farmers' participation are discussed as a promising approach in answering some of these challenges. A review of the literature indicates both the opportunities and barriers inherent in the tackling the lameness issue from the farmers' perspectives. Such knowledge is crucial in identifying measures on how to motivate dairy farmers towards proper lameness management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude
  15. Fulltext Motivations for Industry Stakeholders in China, Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia to Improve Livestock Welfare
    Sinclair M, Idrus Z, Nhiem DV, Katawatin S, Todd B, Burn GL, et al.
    Animals (Basel), 2019 Jul 04;9(7).
    PMID: 31277448 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070416
    Understanding what might motivate livestock stakeholders to improve animal welfare is useful information when developing initiatives that benefit from stakeholder engagement. This study was designed to assess the strength of motivating drivers in the development of attitudes to animal welfare, and the factors that impacted their ability to improve animal welfare. During a series of qualitative focus group sessions with livestock leaders across the same countries (Malaysia, China, Vietnam and Thailand), the current study presented livestock leaders (n = 139) with the most significant results in their country, and collected data pertaining to the meaning and applicability of these results. This data was then subject to thematic analysis to identify salient and repeated motivating factors and meanings. This process revealed a complex picture of relationships between motivators and the contexts that drive them. Figures are presented to begin illustrating these relationships. Some strong motivators were uncovered that were previously rated low in the survey (i.e., financial benefit) or not included at all (e.g., food safety). This paper also presents the opportunity to better understand the strength and relationship of extrinsic and intrinsic motivational forces behind animal welfare improvement.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude
  16. Fulltext Dentists Perception of their Patients in Malaysia
    Razak, I.A.
    Ann Dent, 1995;2(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    A postal questionnaire concerning the Malaysian dentists' attitudes towards their patients yielded a 73.1% response rate. The results of this study indicated that a majority of dentists felt that patients had more negative than positive attributes. Private practitioners attributed more negative traits to their patients than their public sector colleaques. About 88% of dentists indicated that the most negative patient attribute was fear of pain. Fear of pain was perceived to be stronger than fear of the dentist (62.2%). likewise the patients' inability to seek treatment soon enough (78.4%), to come for regular check-up (72.7%) and to follow advice on personal oral hygiene(70.1%) were worrisome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude
  17. Fulltext Continuing Education and the Malaysian Dentists
    Razak, I.A.
    Ann Dent, 1995;2(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    A 73.1 percent response rate was obtained in a postal questionnaire survey conducted among Malaysian dentists to assess their attitudes and needs for continuing dental education. It appeared that on an average the Malaysian dentist spent very little time on continuing education,reading journals and participation in professional dental meetings.The need for continuing education was strongly evident as almost all dentists indicated that such activities be further developed in Malaysia. Crown and Bridgework, Oral Surgery and Orthodontic appeared to be areas in which more continuing education were required.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude
  18. Fulltext Development of a health promotion questionnaire index (HPQI) to measure doktor muda (junior doctor) programme impact on schoolchildren’s oral health knowledge, attitudes and behaviour
    Yusof, Z.Y.M., Jaafar, N.
    Ann Dent, 2013;20(1):13-19.
    MyJurnal
    Long term evaluations of impacts of community
    based health promotion programmes are not an easy or
    straightforward task to do due to lack of validated and
    reliable indices. Objective: To develop and test an index
    to measure schoolchildren’s oral health knowledge,
    attitudes, and behaviour as a result of a school-based health
    promotion programme in Malaysia called the Doktor
    Muda (Junior Doctor) Programme (DMP). Materials and
    Methods: The index was developed in English based on
    the DMP module and translated into Malay. The Malay
    version was tested on 174, 11-12 year old schoolchildren.
    Psychometric analysis of the index involved content and
    face validity tests as well as factor analysis, internal and
    test-retest reliability. Results: Factor analysis yielded 3
    factors with groups of items viz. oral health knowledge
    (OHK), oral health attitudes (OHA) and oral health
    behaviour (OHB). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the
    three factors were 0.61, 0.73, and 0.64, respectively. The
    Kappa coefficients were 0.70, 0.77 and 0.73, respectively
    (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.72, 0.70 and 0.78).
    The final questionnaire comprised 33 items, namely; OHK
    11 items, OHA 15 items, and OHB 7 items. Conclusion:
    The Health Promotion Questionnaire Index (HPQI) to
    measure the DMP impact on schoolchildren’s oral health
    knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours was empirically
    verified to be valid and reliable for use among 11-12 year
    old Malaysian schoolchildren.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude to Health
  19. The effect of a clinical posting in psychiatry on the attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry and mental illness in a Malaysian medical school
    Reddy JP, Tan SM, Azmi MT, Shaharom MH, Rosdinom R, Maniam T, et al.
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 2005 Sep;34(8):505-10.
    PMID: 16205829
    INTRODUCTION: The stigma attached to mental illness and the mentally ill is a universal phenomenon and a major barrier to the provision of mental health services. Stigmatising attitudes among doctors themselves can result in compromised patient care. The aim of this research project is to study the impact of a clinical posting in psychiatry on the attitudes of medical students to mental illness and to psychiatry. This paper reports the results of the first phase of a longitudinal study.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 122 year 4 medical students responded to this study. The Attitudes Towards Mental Illness (AMI) and Attitudes Towards Psychiatry (ATP) questionnaires were administered before and after an 8-week attachment in psychiatry.

    RESULTS: We found that students had somewhat favourable attitudes towards psychiatry and mental illness at the start of their attachment, with a mean score of 108.34 on ATP (neutral score, 90) and 68.24 on AMI (neutral score, 60). There was a significant increase in the mean scores of both scales following the psychiatric attachment for female students (ATP: P = 0.003; AMI: P <0.0005), but not male students (ATP: P = 0.435; AMI: P = 0.283).

    CONCLUSIONS: An 8-week clinical posting of fourth-year medical students in psychiatry was associated with an increase in positive attitudes to mental illness and to psychiatry among female students but not among male students.

    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude of Health Personnel*
  20. A doctor's duty is to heal the unhealthy: the story of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad
    Ong HT
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 2005 Jul;34(6):45C-51C.
    PMID: 16010379
    Mahathir Mohamad was born in 1925 in Alor Star, Kedah. He entered the King Edward VII College of Medicine in Singapore in 1947 and graduated in 1953. His years in the medical school equipped young Mahathir with the training necessary to assess and diagnose a problem, before dispensing the appropriate treatment. Throughout his later years in the political limelight, Dr Mahathir recognised the very important role the medical college had in laying the strong foundation for his successful career. He joined UMNO in 1945, already interested in politics at the tender age of 20; he was first elected into Parliament in 1964. The vigorous expression of his candid views did not go down well during the troubled days following the 13 May 1969 racial riots and he was expelled from UMNO, his writings were banned, and he was considered a racial extremist. Nevertheless, his intellectual and political influence could not be ignored for long; he returned to Parliament in 1974, and became the fourth, and longest serving, Prime Minister of Malaysia in 1981. Dr Mahathir has found fame as a Malay statesman, and an important Asian leader of the twentieth century with much written, locally and internationally, debating his policies. This article, using Dr Mahathir's own writings, starts with his description of his early life, proceeds to look at his medical career, then touches on his diagnosis of the problems plaguing the Malays, before concluding with his views on the need to stand up to the prejudices and pressures of the Western world. Throughout his life, Dr Mahathir behaved as the ever-diligent medical doctor, constantly studying the symptoms to diagnose the cause of the ills in his community and country, before proceeding to prescribe the correct treatment to restore good health. It is a measure of his integrity and intellectual capability that he did not seek to hide his failures, or cite unfinished work in an attempt to cling to political power.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attitude*
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