Time-use of older adults can be different than in earlier life, especially during the transition from pre- to post-retirement or after experiencing major life events, and the changes could affect their mental health. However, the extent and nature of such research in gerontology have not been examined to date. Therefore, this scoping review sought to map the literature on time-use and mental health in the older population to examine the extent and nature of those research activities. A scoping review was conducted using four databases-PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and EMBASE according to PRISMA guidelines. Data were extracted using a pretested tool to develop a descriptive analysis and thematic summary. A total of 11 articles met the eligibility criteria. Seven out of 11 studies involved cross-sectional design, while the remainder were longitudinal studies. The longitudinal studies mainly were secondary data analysis. Time-use data were mainly collected using daily diaries, and the most common mental health outcome included was depression. Only two studies did not evaluate the direct relationship between time-use and mental health. Our review has revealed studies evaluating time-use and mental health in older adults. Limitations of review and recommendations for future studies are discussed.
The impact of Low Carbon Pilot Policies (LCPPs) on carbon reduction and energy efficiency has been extensively studied. However, the potential of these policies to promote clean energy transition (CET) in rural households remains underexplored. This article constructed a staggered-DID model using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) to investigate the impact and mechanisms of LCPPs on rural households' CET. The findings indicate that LCPPs significantly enhance the CET among rural households. Moreover, the effects of LCPPs vary across cities, while differences within communities and households are less pronounced. Mechanism analysis reveals that LCPPs facilitate rural households' CET through income effects, infrastructure improvements, and enhanced low-carbon awareness. Notably, the income and low-carbon awareness effects are heterogeneous. Additionally, LCPPs have increased rural households' expenditures on home-cooked meals. We estimate the average fixed cost of the CET for rural households to be approximately $404.495. These insights provide valuable empirical evidence that can guide other countries and regions in promoting CET in rural areas.
"This article examines some of the links between the phenomena of urban migration and squatter settlements in the Third World city. This will be done by demonstrating that both are outcomes of fundamental social and political forces that have operated on these societies. Migration and squatting are placed in a context of the historical processes that led to the uneven development of Malaysia. The article offers some explanation for the origin of the inequalities observed in spatial structures--in this case urban housing--by focusing on one of the contributory factors, namely migration."
Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Characteristics; Population Dynamics*; Urban Population*
"Data from the Malaysian Family Life Survey are used to examine the sensitivity of urban/rural income differentials to the definition and measurement of income. Measured income differentials vary with the extent to which nonmarket activities are included in the scope of income, how the distribution of income is summarized, and whether one adjusts for differences in hours of work, household size and composition, ethnic composition, and other sociodemographic characteristics. For example, depending on the measure chosen, estimates of the amount by which urban income exceeds rural income in Malaysia range from 9 percent to 141 percent."
Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Characteristics; Rural Population*; Urban Population*
"The commitment to population programs is now widespread," says Rafael Salas, Executive Director of the UNFPA, in its report "State of World Population." About 80% of the total population of the developing world live in countries which consider their fertility levels too high and would like them reduced. An important impetus came from the World Conference of 1974. The Plan of Action from the conference projected population growth rates in developing countries of 2.0% by 1985. Today it looks as though this projection will be realized. While in 1969, for example, only 26 developing countries had programs aimed at lowering or maintaining fertility levels, by 1980 there were 59. The International Population Conference, recently announced by the UN for 1984, will, it is hoped, help sustain that momentum. Cuba is the country which has shown the greatest decline in birth rate so far. The birth rate fell 47% between 1965-1970 and 1975-1980. Next came China with a 34% decline in the same period. After these came a group of countries--each with populations of over 10 million--with declines of between 15 and 25%: Chile, Colombia, India, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. Though birth rates have been dropping significantly the decline in mortality rates over recent years has been less than was hoped for. The 1974 conference set 74 years as the target for the world's average expectation of life, to be reached by the year 2000. But the UN now predicts that the developing countries will have only reached 63 or 64 years by then. High infant and child mortality rates, particularly in Africa, are among the major causes. The report identifies the status of women as an important determinant of family size. Evidence from the UNFPA-sponsored World Fertility Survey shows that in general the fertility of women decreases as their income increases. It also indicates that women who have been educated and who work outside the home are likely to have smaller families. Access to contraceptives is, of course, a major influence on fertility decline. According to UNFPA some of the Latin American countries have the highest contraceptive use among developing countries. The countries of Asia come next and contraceptives are least used in sub-Saharan Africa where birth rates of 45/1000 are still common. The money for population programs, says the report, has come largely from developing countries themselves. A survey of 15 countries showed them to have contributed 67% out of their own budgets--the rest having come from external aid. And in programs aided by UNFPA the local input has been even higher. During 1979-1981 the developing countries themselves budgeted $4.6 for each dollar budgeted by UNFPA. The report also highlights some of the emerging problems for the next 2 decades--and which will be high on the agenda of the 1984 conference. These include "uncontrolled urban growth" in developing countries as well as an important change in overall population age structure as more and more old people survive. Aging populations are of particular concern to the developed countries but, as the report points out, even countries like China--which has achieved a steep drop in fertility and mortality--will face the problems of an aging population by the year 2000.
Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Control*; Population Dynamics*
Genome sequences from diverse human groups are needed to understand the structure of genetic variation in our species and the history of, and relationships between, different populations. We present 929 high-coverage genome sequences from 54 diverse human populations, 26 of which are physically phased using linked-read sequencing. Analyses of these genomes reveal an excess of previously undocumented common genetic variation private to southern Africa, central Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, but an absence of such variants fixed between major geographical regions. We also find deep and gradual population separations within Africa, contrasting population size histories between hunter-gatherer and agriculturalist groups in the past 10,000 years, and a contrast between single Neanderthal but multiple Denisovan source populations contributing to present-day human populations.
Matched MeSH terms: Genetics, Population*; Population Density; Continental Population Groups/genetics
"A graphical chain modelling approach is used to study the determinants of neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in Malaysia. This approach provides an easily interpretable empirical description and illustrates explicitly the conditional independence structure between each pair of variables. The interpretation can be read directly from a mathematical graph. Besides examining the direct association of each determinant on mortality, we also examine the effects of socio-economic determinants on intermediate determinants to understand the pathways through which the socioeconomic determinants affect the chance of mortality. The data anlaysed come from the second Malaysian Family Life Survey, fielded between August 1988 and January 1989. "
Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Dynamics*
A field survey of Virgin Jungle Reserve (VJR) compartments in Peninsular Malaysia allowed us to identify six populations of Intsia palembanica for this study. These were Pasoh Forest Reserve (FR) (Pasoh), Sungai Lalang FR (Lalang), Bukit Lagong FR (Lagong), Bubu FR (Bubu), Bukit Kinta FR (Kinta), and Bukit Perangin FR (Perangin). About 40 adult individuals were sampled in each population. In addition, progeny arrays were collected from nine mother plants at Lagong for a mating system study. A total of nine allozymes, encoded by 14 putative gene loci, were consistently resolved in I. palembanica. The mating system study showed that the species exhibited a mixed-mating system, with multilocus outcrossing rate of 0.766. The levels of diversity were comparably high (mean number of alleles per polymorphic locus = 2.4, mean effective number of alleles per polymorphic locus = 1.64, and mean expected heterozygosity (H(e)) = 0.242), and the majority of the diversity was partitioned within population (G(ST) = 0.040 and F(ST) = 0.048). Significant levels of inbreeding were detected in Bubu and Perangin. Probability tests of recent effective population size reduction using the Infinite Allele Model showed the occurrence of genetic bottlenecks on Lalang and Kinta. Two genetically unique populations (Pasoh and Perangin) were inferred using jackknife analysis. By using the neutral mutation rates, effective population size (N(e)) to maintain the H(e) was 80-800 000 individuals. A simulation study based on pooled samples, however, circumscribed the N(e) to 200 and 210 individuals. Implications of the study for managing the species and the VJRs are discussed.
Matched MeSH terms: Genetics, Population; Population Density; Population Dynamics
"This paper discusses the patterns and trends in internal territorial mobility in Peninsular Malaysia from 1957 [to] the 1980s, focussing specially on the period of the 1980s." Data are from Peninsular Malaysian Labour Force Migration Sample Surveys.
Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Dynamics*