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Women's empowerment based on self-regulated learning as mother's ability to fulfill nutrition in stunted children

Hastuti AP, Sukartini T, Arief YS, Nursalam N, Roesardhyati R, Kurniawan AW, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2024 Jan;79(1):28-33.
PMID: 38287754

INTRODUCTION: The role of providing nutrition to children aged 6-24 months who are stunted is related to the mother's ability to provide proper nutrition. Empowerment of mothers based on self-regulated learning is a nursing intervention that can be carried out by using the abilities, belief and individual capacities of mothers in completing tasks, managing and providing nutrition to children aged 6-24 months. Mother's characteristic are motivation, self-esteem, self-efficacy, knowledge, belief and ability to decisionmaking about providing nutrition to children, so it can be a learning process for the mother in using resources which improve the nutrition ability of the mother. This study aims to apply a women's empowerment model based on selfregulated learning in increasing the mother's ability to fulfill nutrition in stunted children aged 6-24 months.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research design used a quasiexperiment. The sampling technique used cluster sampling with 76 respondents in intervention group and 76 respondents in control group. The research was conducted in the working area in Public Health Center, Malang Regency. Data analysis in this study used the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Mann-Whitney.
RESULTS: The results of the study found that there were differences in the ability of mothers to fulfill nutrition in stunted children between the intervention group and the control group (p = 0.000). There were mean differences in the ability of mothers to fulfill nutrition for stunted children before and after the intervention in the intervention group with indicators of breastfeeding, food preparation and processing, complementary- feeding and responsive feeding were increased (p = 0.000). However, in the control group, there were no differences in the ability of mothers to fulfill nutrition with indicator breastfeeding (p = 0.462), food preparation and processing (p = 0.721), complementary feeding (p = 0.721), complementary feeding (p = 0.462). (p = 0.054), responsive feeding (p = 0.465) and adherence to stunting therapy (p = 0.722).
CONCLUSION: The women's empowerment model based on self-regulated learning is formed by individual mother factors, family factors, health service system factors, and child factors so that it can increase the mother's ability to fulfill nutrition in children aged 6-24 months who are stunted. The women's empowerment is a learning process about breastfeeding, food hygiene, infant and young children feeding, and responsive feeding by mothers to fulfill nutrition in children with stunting, with a goal and plan to achieve an improvement in mother's ability and nutritional status in children.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Assessment of growth and feeding practices in children with cleft lip and palate

Gopinath VK, Muda WA

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2005 Jan;36(1):254-8.
PMID: 15906679

Feeding difficulties in cleft lip and palate (CLP) infants is commonly observed and is the most traumatic experience the family has to face. These infants are undernourished and have compromised growth. The purpose of this study was to 1) assess general health and growth parameters in children with CLP and in normal children; and 2) investigate the feeding methods of CLP infants and normal infants. A total of 221 children from birth to six years of both sexes, with CLP (60 children) and normal (161 children) were selected. The CLP and normal children were divided into three subgroups by age. The practice of feeding the infants in subgroup I was assessed using standard piloted questionnaires. The assessment of growth was done at baseline and at six months in all the subgroups.The general well being of the children was assessed by noting the number of common infections. Results showed that a significantly higher percentage of mothers with normal babies (p < 0.01) had a positive attitude towards breast feeding. When compared to normal children, CLP children were more susceptible to infections (p < 0.05) and measured significantly lower on the height growth curve(p < 0.05). Hence, height can be used to monitor growth in CLP children.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology
Nutritional status of Kadazan children in a rural district in Sabah, Malaysia

Gan CY, Chin B, Teoh ST, Chan MK

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1993 Jun;24(2):293-301.
PMID: 8266232

The nutritional status of 896 Kadazan children below 6 years of age from 23 villages of Tambunan District were studied. When stunting and wasting were defined as those who were below two standard deviations of height-for-age and weight-for-height (Waterlow et al, 1977) and based on the National Center for Health Statistics reference population, 67.6% of boys and 66.8% of girls were stunted while 12.3% of boys and 8.3% of girls were wasted. Weaning foods and toddler feeding practices were unsatisfactory. The role of health education on child care and feeding practices is emphasized.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
A survey of infant mortality rates in Sarawak

Goto S, Sado M, Yano K, Takeuchi M, Ichikawa Y

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1974 Sep;5(3):424-9.
PMID: 4432100
Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Protein calorie malnutrition: a major health problem of multiple causation in Malaysia

Chen ST

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1974 Mar;5(1):85-9.
PMID: 4209141
Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
A study of current infant feeding practices in rural North Malaysia as a basis for determining needs in nutrition education

Pathmanathan I

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1975 Sep;6(3):402-6.
PMID: 1241162

In a study of infant feeding practices in 95 infants aged three months and six months in the rural, predominantly Malay district of Kubang Pasu, which is recently undergoing rapid economic development consequent on the introduction of improved agricultural techniques in rice farming, it was found that approximately 75% of infants in both age groups were wholly or partially breast fed, modified powered milk being the milk food of most of the others. Semisolids were introduced early in the form of commercial prepacked cereals. It is suggested that medical officers of health recognising local socioeconomic and cultural changes that might affect health behavior can initiate simple studies of this type to identify local needs in health education. In circumstances such as this where a still popular beneficial traditional practice like breast feeding might be at risk of losing popularity in the face of socioeconomic development in the community it is suggested that the most useful educational effort regarding infant nutrition would be to preserve breast feeding.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena*
Pneumonia and diarrhoeas: killers of toddlers in developing countries

Chen ST

Trop Geogr Med, 1975 Mar;27(1):103-8.
PMID: 806152

Pneumonia and diarrhoeas are an important cause of toddler mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Of the 147 children admitted to the University Hospital at Kuala Lumpur in 1971 for pneumonia and diarrhoeas 50 (34%) were found to be suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition of varying degrees of severity. The malnourished children tended to come from poorer homes, and to have a larger number of siblings born in rapid succession when compared with normal weight children. Anemia was more common among the malnourished children. The interaction of infection and malnutrition and the social implications of these diseases are important. It is vital that hospitals in developing countries promote health in addition to their traditional curative role.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Impact of a new aggressive nutrition policy incorporating early introduction of parenteral nutrition and mother's own milk on growth of preterm infants

Low CS, Ho JJ, Nallusamy R

World J Pediatr, 2016 Nov;12(4):450-454.
PMID: 27286688 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-016-0037-7

BACKGROUND: Most of the evidence on early feeding of preterm infants was derived from high income settings, it is equally important to evaluate whether it can be successfully implemented into less resourced settings. This study aimed to compare growth and feeding of preterm infants before and after the introduction of a new aggressive feeding policy in Penang Hospital, a tertiary referral hospital in a middle income country.

METHODS: The new aggressive feeding policy was developed mainly from Cochrane review evidence, using early parenteral and enteral nutrition with standardized breastfeeding counselling aimed at empowering mothers to provide early expressed milk. A total of 80 preterm babies (34 weeks and below) discharged from NICU were included (40 pre- and 40 post-intervention). Pre and post-intervention data were compared. The primary outcome was growth at day 7, 14, 21 and at discharge and secondary outcomes were time to full oral feeding, breastfeeding rates, and adverse events.

RESULTS: Complete data were available for all babies to discharge. One baby was discharged prior to day 14 and 10 babies before day 21, so growth data for these babies were unavailable. Baseline data were similar in the two groups. There was no significant weight difference at 7, 14, 21 days and at discharge. More post-intervention babies were breastfed at discharge than pre-intervention babies (21 vs. 8, P=0.005). Nosocomial infection (11 vs. 4, P=0.045), and blood transfusion were significantly lower in the postintervention babies than in the pre-intervention babies (31 vs. 13, P=0.01). The post-intervention babies were more likely to achieve shorter median days (interquartile range) to full oral feeding [11 (6) days vs. 13 (11) days, P=0.058] and with lower number affecting necrotising enterocolitis (0 vs. 5, P=0.055).

CONCLUSION: Early aggressive parenteral nutrition and early provision of mother's milk did not result in improved growth as evidenced by weight gain at discharge. However we found more breastfeeding babies, lower nosocomial infection and transfusion rates. Our findings suggest that implementing a more aggressive feeding policy supported by high level scientific evidence is able to improve important outcomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Recommended Nutrient Intake Levels for Preterm Infants

Koletzko B, Wieczorek S, Cheah FC, Domellöf M, van Goudoever JB, Poindexter BB, et al.

World Rev Nutr Diet, 2021;122:191-197.
PMID: 34352778 DOI: 10.1159/000514772
Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena*
Practical Implementation of Quality Nutritional Care to Preterm Infants in Developing Countries

Cheah FC, Tan TL

World Rev Nutr Diet, 2021;122:340-356.
PMID: 34352769 DOI: 10.1159/000514761
Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Fulltext The Third National Health and Morbidity Survey 2006 (NHMS III)

ISBN: 978-983-3887-27-9

Citation: National Health Morbidity Survey 2006. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Health, Malaysia, 2008
Study name: National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS-2006)

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena