This is an interesting piece of Colonial history, compiled, one presumes, from official reports. It cannot satisfactorily be summarized. The author deals with his subject under various heads: hospitals, health legislation, dangerous infectious diseases, prevailing diseases, beriberi, fever and malaria, dysentery, and diarrhoea, influenza and enteric fever. In a table are given the numbers of cases of smallpox, cholera, plague, beriberi, dysentery, diarfhoea and fevers reported each year from 1890 to 1939. The only one of these to show steady reduction is beriberi, which began to decline from figures over 2,000 per annum before the 1914-18 war to 69-444 per annum from 1930 to 1939. Plague was never common and neither cholera nor smallpox was responsible for large numbers of cases. The author does not give any systematic accounts of the outstanding investigations made during the period, but rather quotes opinions expressed by Government servants, medical or lay, in their reports. Charles Wilcocks.
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and sheath brown rot (SBR), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, respectively, are bacterial diseases that lead to substantial yield losses in rice. Natural plant-based products represent a sustainable alternative to combat bacterial diseases due to their biodegradability and overall safety. However efficient ways of delivering them are crucial to their success. In an attempt to maximize the antibacterial properties of botanical bactericides for the control of these pathogens, this study evaluated the efficiency of different emulsion formulations of Piper sarmentosum extracts. The emulsion formulations were demonstrated to be effective in controlling BLB and SBR of rice in in vitro plate assays and in planta under glasshouse conditions. The observed in vitro inhibition of the bacterial pathogens and significant disease suppression in planta indicate that these plant extract formulations represent promising alternatives to be adopted in management strategies for controlling rice diseases.
A possible outbreak of beriberi occurred at a drug detention and rehabilitation centre, Pusat Serenti Bukit Cabang, Perlis, Malaysia in February 2004. This outbreak was identified following the presentation of a large number of inmates at a health centre with signs and symptoms of ankle oedema and shortness of breath. Further investigations revealed the death of three inmates at the General Hospital with similar clinical presentations during the period from October 2003 till February 2004. A cross sectional comparative study was carried out at the rehabilitation centre to find out the prevalence of thiamine deficiency among the inmates both symptomatic and asymptomatic. A total of 154 inmates were examined (57 symptomatic and 97 asymptomatic cases). It was found that 74% from the sample study (114 cases) had thiamine deficiency (44 symptomatic and 70 asymptomatic). Further statistical analysis showed that ankle oedema is consistent with the diagnosis of thiamine deficiency but lack sensitivity (p < 0.05, sensitivity 24.6%, specificity 95%). This outbreak could have been triggered by poor diet intake of thiamine by the inmates coupled with possible intake of certain thiamine antagonists in their diet.
Background: Little is known about the health of GMS commercial fishers and seafarers, many of whom are migrants and some trafficked. This systematic review summarizes evidence on occupational, physical, sexual and mental health and violence among GMS commercial fishers/seafarers.
Methods: We searched 5 electronic databases and purposively searched grey literature. Quantitative or qualitative studies reporting prevalence or risk of relevant outcomes were included. Two reviewers independently screened articles. Data were extracted on nationality and long/short-haul fishing where available.
Results: We identified 33 eligible papers from 27 studies. Trafficked fishers/seafarers were included in n=12/13 grey literature and n=1/20 peer-reviewed papers. Among peer-reviewed papers: 11 focused on HIV/AIDS/sexual health; nine on occupational/physical health; one study included mental health of trafficked fishers. Violence was quantitatively measured in eight papers with prevalence of: 11-26% in port convenience samples; 68-100% in post-trafficking service samples. Commercial fishers/seafarers whether trafficked or not worked extremely long hours; trafficked long-haul fishers had very limited access to care following injuries or illness. Lesser-known risks reported among fishers included penile oil injections and beriberi. We found just one work safety intervention study and inconclusive evidence for differences in the outcomes by nationality. Findings are limited by methodological weaknesses of primary studies.
Conclusion: Results show an absence of high-quality epidemiological studies beyond sexual health. Formative and pilot intervention research on occupational, physical and mental health among GMS commercial fishers and seafarers is needed. Future studies should include questions about violence and exploitation. Ethical and reporting standards of grey literature should be improved.