Panoramic radiograph is a routine investigation tool in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning however the limitation of two-dimensional image in assessing the position of impacted canine and surrounding tissues had cause unnecessary treatment options and complications during treatment. This report highlights the differences in investi- gation outcome and orthodontic treatment planning of two similar cases of patients with impacted upper canine, in which one only had panoramic radiograph and another case supplemented with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). The case supported only by panoramic radiograph had changes in treatment planning during canine remov- al surgery as prevention from oro-antral fistula. This event could have been prevented if CBCT was taken where the canine can be assessed for proximity towards maxillary sinus. It is recommended for CBCT in orthodontic assessment for canine impaction especially for cases where canine is positioned higher than root apex of adjacent teeth and when root resorption is suspected.
Preventive fogging is defined as space spraying of insecticide against mosquitoes in order to prevent outbreak of mosquito borne infection. Despite provision of various preventive andcontrol activities against dengue and chikungunya infection by Ministry of Health Guideline, the detail on preventive fogging has not yet specified. However, this has been adopted by certain institutions as part of the routine strategies against dengue outbreak. A study on preventive fogging was conducted in one of the hostels in Universiti Putra Malaysia. The research was done for 16 weeks in which one routine fogging activity was done at the mid period of study. The main objectives of this study were to determine the effectiveness of preventive fogging activities against Aedes mosquitoes and to identify the distribution and abundance of Aedes mosquitoes in the area. Method: The fogging activity was carried out by the management staff as part of their preventive measures in the student hostels. Ovitrap was used as an indicator to monitor the impact of fogging activity and its continuous surveillance was monitored weekly. The ovitraps were placed indoors and outdoors. Species identification was carried out in the laboratory. The SPSS program was used to analyse the statistical data on the effectiveness of fogging activity. Larval count (indoors and outdoors) and ovitrap index (OI) readings were identified as ovitrap surveillance data for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that Aedes albopictus was the only species of the genus Aedes found in this hostel. The area had been highly infested by Ae. Albopictus as indicated by high Ovitrap Index ranging between 48.33% to 90.00%. The mean (SD) of Ovitrap Index was reduced from 71.67% (12.73%) (before the preventive fogging), to 69.42% (14.40%) (after the fogging). Overall reduction in mosquito and larval density was also observed between pre and post fogging activity in this study. Conclusion: The implementation of preventive fogging has favourably reduced the dengue vector population up to 5 weeks after the introduction of preventive fogging. However, sole dependency on preventive fogging may lead to insecticide resistance. Revisiting the policy on preventive fogging; and identifying it as an additional tool for preventing dengue infection in higher learning institutions are recommended.
Heat stress is a serious problem among agricultural workers. Workers who are exposed to the extreme heat or work in hot environments may be at risk of heat stress. The physiological changes and heat related symptoms could occur due to heat stress. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the impact of heat on the health and productivity of cassava farm workers in Kratie province of Cambodia. The sampling method was a convenient sampling with some inclu- sive criteria. A total of 125 cassava farm workers were selected to participate in this study. The information was collected through a face to face interview using a questionnaire form. Questions were asked on heat exposure during work and heat related symptoms. The environmental heat was measured using heat stress monitor WBGT and data logger for 2 hours for each day. Automatic blood pressure monitor was used to measure blood pressure and heart rate, while ear thermometer measured the body temperature. All measurements of physiological changes were conducted during the rest and work time of the workers. Observations were conducted to determine the production hourly output of workers by using productivity forms. The productivity was determined by calculating the total of cassava roots harvested per hour, which started from
9.00 a.m. to 11.00 a.m. The results indicated that the highest average of heat stress index were 32.11°C and 32.36°C re- spectively whereby the daily exposure to heat during work, exceeded the threshold limit value (TLV) of 27.5°C for heavy metabolic workload level with 75% work, 25% rest regimen. Meanwhile, the highest prevalence of heat related symptoms reported among workers were tiredness/weakness (84.4%), followed by heavy sweating (82.4%) and headache (61.6%). The blood pressure, heart rate and core body temperature were below the standard, indicated that the workers were fully acclimatized. There was no significant difference in the physiological changes between male and female during the resting and working period. Heavy sweating, heat, BMI and working time were the factors that were significantly related with productivity. In conclusion, the cassava farm workers in Kratie, Cambodia were exposed to high level of heat stress, which reduced their work productivity.
Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) have become increasingly prevalent in recent years. Microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the Central Nervous System (CNS) are primarily responsible for the production of inflammatory mediators that accumulate and become toxic during a chronic inflammatory response. The accumulation of inflammatory mediators over time inadvertently contributes to the functional impairment of surrounding neurons. Hence, suppressing microglial cell activation can be a solution to control the progress of neurodegenerative disorders. Symptomatic treatments are available, but no curative treatment is currently available, and some are linked to several side effects associated with their use. Honey is a natural product derived from the nectar harvested and modified by honeybees. Its therapeutic effects are widely documented, have been tested and verified extensively in literature. Honey is recognized in modern medicine for its varied pharmacological activities. While the medicinal properties of honeys such as Manuka honey are well established, further investigation is required to elucidate the medicinal properties of locally sourced honeys, namely Tualang (TH) and Kelulut (KH) honeys. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of local TH and KH honey on microglial cell activities. Methods: BV2 cells, an immortalized microglial cell line was used in this in vitro study to assess the cell survival when treated with the TH and KH honey. Expression of CD40, CD11b and CD86 were measured using flowcytometry. Results: BV2 cells incubated with TH at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5%, and KH at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.25% for 24 and 48 hours showed cell survivability above 75%. Both TH and KH decreased ROS production significantly on LPS-induced BV2 cells, but increased ROS production on unstimulated BV2 cells. Additionally, the expression levels of CD40, CD11b and CD86 were also reduced on honey- treated LPS-induced BV2 cells. Conclusion: These results have demonstrated that both TH and KH are capable of suppressing microglial activation. Therefore, we propose the idea of utilizing these honeys as a complementary treatment to suppress the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
Introduction: Home visits are complex processes for clients and occupational therapists. Despite the benefits of home
visits, the numbers of home visits being conducted are decreasing in international settings due to service constraints
or client reluctance. Published international studies may not be applicable to Malaysia due to cultural and geodemographic
differences relating to the home context. This study aimed to explore the experience of occupational
therapists in Malaysia in conducting home visits. Materials and Methods: A focus group discussion was conducted
with seven occupational therapists in one teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur. The group session was audio-recorded,
transcribed, summarised and analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Themes developed were: i) client factors
inhibiting effective service provision, ii) uninformed policies and guidelines, and iii) professional identity and
growth. Conclusions: Our study has revealed major challenges for Malaysian occupational therapists with regards
to conducting home visits. Future studies should now evaluate factors underlying reluctance to participate in home
visits and effective strategies to overcome these difficulties.
Benzene has been measured in indoor environments for many decades and has been identified to cause variety of health effects. Children spend most of their time indoors such as daycare centre, preschool and school, they are more likely to be exposed to indoor air pollutants. This paper was aimed to review the exposure to benzene among children within indoor environments from worldwide studies from 2003 to 2018. Based on 24 papers evaluated, 54% were conducted in primary schools. The highest concentration of benzene was found in preschools in China at 148.0 µg/m3. The benzene levels were found higher in indoors than outdoors for most of the studies. Active sampling techniques were used in 42% of studies that enable the determination of acute health effects on children during short-period of exposure time. Differences in sampling techniques and durations make it hard to compare the outcomes of the studies with health-effect guidelines. This review indicated a diversity of sampling approaches and techniques, pointing to the importance of establishment of standard method for collecting and reporting data.
Introduction: During the last three decades hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has become a well-established treatment for many hematologic malignancies. The most important limitation for HSC transplantation is the low number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that can lead to delayed engraftment or graft failures. Numerous attempts have been made to improve in vitro HSC expansion via optimization of various methods such as isolation techniques, supplementing with growth factors, utilizing stromal cells as feeder layer and other culture conditions. Objective: This project is aimed to decipher the efficiency of an isolation technique and retrieval of culture expanded HSC from feeder layer using two different harvesting methods. Materials and Methods: Hematopoietic stem cells from human umbilical cord blood were isolated via MACS mediated CD34+ double sorting. Then, the cells were cultured onto MSC feeder layer for 3 and 5 days. Culture expanded cells were harvested using two different harvesting method namely cell aspiration and trypsinization methods. Hematopoietic stem cell expansion index were calculated based on harvesting methods for each time point. Results: The numbers of HSC isolated from human umbilical cord blood were 1.64 x 106 and 1.20 x106 cells at single and double sortings respectively. Although the number of sorted cells diminished at the second sorting yet the yield of CD34+ purity has increased from 43.73% at single sorting to 81.40% at double sorting. Employing the trypsinization method, the HSC harvested from feeder layer showed a significant increase in expansion index (EI) as compared to the cell aspiration harvesting method (p≤ 0.05). However, the purity of CD34+ HSC was found higher when the cells were harvested using aspiration method (82.43%) as compared to the trypsinization method (74.13%). Conclusion: A pure population of CD34+ HSC can be retrieved when the cells were double sorted using MACS and expanded in culture after being harvested using cell aspiration method.
1st UMS INTERNATIONAL NURSING CONFERENCE IN CONJUNCTION WITH 11TH INTERNATIONAL NURSING STUDENTS’ FORUM
A view into the future of nursing: Nursing Transformation towards IR-4.0, Held at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, On 6-8th March 2020
Introduction: Delayed wound healing and a hefty cost of treatment poses a burden to those undergoing treatment for Diabetic wound care. An alternative wound product to speed up wound healing may address this problem. Honey has been recognized around the world for its efficacy as treating wounds, eczema, and inflammation while cinnamon has a variety of biological functions including anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory. As both cinnamon and honey possess different properties in wound healing, it is hypothesized that combining both products can accelerate wound healing. This study is to compare the efficacy of pure honey, pure cinnamon and honey-cinnamon commixture in diabetic wound healing.
Methods: Three volunteers were selected from Kitamura clinic, Pontianak, Indonesia participated in this study. Each of them was given a different wound product which were pure honey (subject 1), pure cinnamon extract (subject 2), and honey-cinnamon commixture (subject 3). The wound bed percentage, size, and characteristics were recorded and compared. Results: Usage of pure cinnamon was discontinued during the second visit due to its drying effect. Subjects 1 and 3 both presented with an increase in granulation and reduction in sloughing of cells and biofilm. However, subject 3 showed faster wound contraction and reduction in maceration as compared to subject 1.
Conclusion: Pure cinnamon extract should not be used as a standalone wound product due to its drying properties. However, topical co-administration of honey and Cinnamon cassia extract has a synergistic interaction effect, improves wound healing in diabetic individuals and is recommended as a new topical herbal drug production for treating of the diabetic wound. Further studies on the therapeutic concentration of honey-cinnamon commixture should be conducted.
Introduction: An economical and alternative diabetic wound care product is needed to address the escalating cost of diabetic wound ulcer treatment in Indonesia. Morindac itrifolia or commonly called noni, is a medicinal plant, dietary supplement, and traditional wound care product. This leaves extract contains antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulant, and antimicrobial properties. Trigona honey which is currently used to treat the diabetic wound at Kitamura Wound Specialist Clinic, Pontianak, Indonesia is known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-proliferative properties. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of Morinda citrifolia leaves extract and Trigona honey in diabetic wound healing. Methods: A quasi-experimental study (a randomized control trial design) was conductedin the clinicon two subjects with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). Trigona honey and Morinda citrifolia leaves extract packing was done to the ulcer of controlled subject and treatment subject respectively as a primary dressing. DFU assessment was done every 2 days using the MUNGS assessment tool and a wound closure rate for- mula. Wound C&S was analysed using a bacterial count machine. Results: Morinda citrifolia leaves extract was able to promote wound contraction, improved MUNGS score (from 9 to 8), reduced bacteria count significantly (from
8.51 x 105 to 1.00 x 105), reduced the percentage of slough by 70% and increased granulating tissue by 60% after the first application. Whereas, Trigona honey extract showed no wound contraction but improved MUNGS score (from 11 to 7). However, bacteria count was maintained at the lowest level (1.00 x 105), reduce the percentage of slough by 10%, and only increased granulating tissues by 10% after the first application. Conclusion: Both products were able to promote diabetic wound healing but the Morinda citrifolia leaves extract was found to be more effective, thus concludes the potential use of Morinda citrifolia leaves extract in treating DFU.
Introduction: Cognitive decline and cognitive impairment among older adults is a rising public health concern because of its association with increased risk of dementia, disability and mortality. In Malaysia, early identification of cognitive impairment is uncommon due to lack of understanding of risk profile of the elderly population. The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with cognitive impairment among community-dwell- ing older adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 698 community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years old and above in Klang Valley, Malaysia by using multi-stage sampling to determine the risk factors and predictors of cognitive impairment from a multidimensional approach. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics, physical activity, physical functional status and cognitive impairment. Results: Increased of age (OR = 1.056), being female (OR = 2.219) and Indian (OR = 2.722) were the risk factors for cognitive impairment, while years of education (OR = 0.765), physically active (OR = 0.823) and better physical function (OR = 0.843) were significantly associated with decreased risk of cognitive impairment. Marital and nutritional status failed to predict the risk of cognitive impairment. Conclusion: Given the protective effects of physical activity and physical function on the cognitive decline at later age, relevant policymakers should formulate appropriate health education programmes to promote regular physical activity to improve physical and cognitive function among Malaysians across all ages.
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of noisy background on brain activation during a working memory task. Fourteen healthy male subjects underwent silent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scans while listening to words presented verbally against quiet (WIS) and noisy (WIN) backgrounds. The stimuli were binaurally presented to the subjects at 70 dB sound pressure level (SPL) in both conditions. Group results indicated significant (p < 0.001) bilateral widespread of brain activations in the primary auditory cortex, superior temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus and inferior parietal lobes during WIS. Additional significant activation was observed in the middle cingulate cortex and anterior cingulate cortex during WIN, suggesting the involvement of cingulate cortex in working memory processing against a noisy background. The mean percentage of signal change in all regions was higher during WIN as compared to WIS. Right hemispheric predominance was observed for both conditions in primary auditory cortex and middle frontal gyrus and this could be attributed to the increased difficulty of the tasks. The results obtained from this study demonstrated that background noise increased task demand and difficulty. Task demand was found to play an important role in determining the activation magnitude in the brain areas during working memory task.
Introduction: Caregivers of children with speech-language pathology experience psychological distress as speech impedes communication and interferes children’s development. This study aimed to determine the effects of a one- day mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) in reducing depression, anxiety, and stress for caregivers of children with speech-language pathology in a Malaysian hospital. Methods: Caregivers (n = 62) who fulfilled the selection criteria were recruited and randomly assigned to either MBI or treatment-as-usual control groups. The caregivers completed self-rated questionnaires, namely the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS 21) and Mindful Attention Aware- ness Scale (MAAS) before and at one-month post-intervention. Results: Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated significant improvement in DASS 21 and MAAS scores in the intervention group compared to control group. There were significant improvements at one-month post-intervention in all outcome measures: depression (β = 4.20, ΔR2 = 0.09, p = 0.008, f2 = 0.10); anxiety (β = 5.12, ΔR2 = 0.13, p = 0.001, f2 = 0.15); stress (β = 5.36, ΔR2 = 0.14, p
Background: Occupational Safety and Health Master Plan for Malaysia 2015 was intended to increase awareness, knowledge and commitment to Occupational Safety and Health in all undertaking to reduce the number of injuries, diseases and fatalities. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of Occupational Safety Health Master Plan for Malaysia 2015 (OSH-MP 15) in enhancing government leadership and preventive workplace culture. Methods: This cross sectional study covered all the states in Malaysia, constituting of 309 employers, 350 Occupational Safety Health practitioners and 360 employees as respondents. There were three questionnaires for three different groups which were employers, Occupational Safety Health practitioners and general employees. The respondents were selected through random sampling. Results: For strategy 1, there was a significant difference in mean of effectiveness of OSH-MP15 between sectors for general workers [F (11, 348) =12.06, p= =
Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of dental plaque removal and to determine factors that could influence its efficacy when using the non-dominant hand. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was per- formed on a group of dental students. Dominant hands were determined using Edinburg Handedness Inventory ques- tionnaire, and the dental plaque scores were examined using Quigley-Hein (Turesky) index. All of the participants were examined twice for dental plaque index scores. Data obtained was analyzed using a paired t-test and an inde- pendent t-test. Factors which influenced the dental plaque removal were listed and categorized accordingly. Results: A total of 62 dental undergraduates participated in the study. A high percentage of them, (71%, n = 44) were found to be right-handed. There was a significant increase in the dental plaque score for the left-handed participants, from baseline (use of the dominant hand) to follow-up appointment (after brushing their teeth with non-dominant hands) (p< 0.01). A significant change was found between the right- and left-handed participants in the first quadrant of the buccal side (p
Acanthamoeba is a free-living protozoa which causes serious ocular problem. Acanthamoeba keratitis is becoming more prevalent amongst contact lens wearers and it can cause loss of vision and blindness if not treated properly. The objective of this research is to determine the effectiveness of gentamicin against six Acanthamoeba spp. isolates, of which three were clinical isolates (HS 6, HKL 95, HTH 73) and three environmental isolates (SMAL 7, SMAL 8, TTT 9). Cyst suspension from the chosen isolates were exposed to gentamicin. After 48 hours of incubation at temperature of 30°C and 37oC, each mixture was filtered and filtration membrane was put onto non-nutrient agar laid with Escherichia coli. The agar plates were incubated for three days at 30oC and 37oC and the plates were examined daily until day 14 to look for the presence of Acanthamoeba trophozoites under inverted microscope. The presence of trophozoites indicated the ineffectiveness of gentamicin. Gentamicin was found to be effective against Acanthamoeba cysts from all the test strains at both incubation temperatures. The minimum cysticidal concentration (MCC) mean value of gentamicin was 0.193 mg/mL at 30oC and 0.229 mg/mL at 37oC. So, we concluded that gentamicin has cysticidal potential towards Acanthamoeba.
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of educational programs on parenting stress and coping mechanism among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Our current review retrieved the articles from databases such as CINAHL, Springer, Ovid, PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO host. Only articles published between the years of 2000 and 2018 in these databases were recruited using keywords such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, education program, parenting stress, coping mechanism, and coping strategies. The search gen- erated 17 articles; 8 articles were relevant. This systematic review provides an important opportunity to advance our understanding of the effectiveness of the educational program for reducing parenting stress and improving coping mechanism among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Nurses could also have a pivotal role in delivering the educational program for parents of children with ASD.
Introduction: The cyberspace creates an infrastructure to build relationships, so the counseling practitioners has taken the initiative to maximize their services. An alternative service helps through this virtual interaction is created and practised. This virtual counselling service is known as cyber-counselling. So, there is a need to see the effective- ness of this cybertherapy service based on personality traits. The objectives of this study are to see the relationships or differences between personality trait in cyber-counselling approach. Methods: This quasi-experimental research applied the Non-Equivalent Pre & Post Test design. 60 research subjects are identifed and divided into the two groups the Face-to-Face approach and Cyber-counselling approach. Junior Eyneseck Personality Inventory was used to determined their personality traits and Client Satisfaction Inventory to determine the effectiveness of the therapy. Results: Pearson Chi-Square test shows that client satisfaction has no relationship on personality traits towards cy- bertherapy approach. Conclusion: Since the findings of this study are not in line with past literatures, some assump- tions can be made regarding the findings of this study. Firstly, the distribution of the subjects based on personality traits can not be done in view of the ‘walk-in’ elements practiced in this study. Secondly, since the subjects are within the age of 13 to 17 years, the likelihood of the formation and development of their personality traits has yet to mature or steady, while the previous studies conducted on the study of adults.
Introduction: Antenatal knowledge is associated with positive outcome for pregnant women as it provides infor- mation to allow them to identify any problems during pregnancy. Studies have underlined the problems of the information overload is possible during an antenatal class, it is unclear to what extend information given during an- tenatal class are retain by mother, thus the need for this study. Methods: This is a quasi-pre-post experimental study involving 82 participants. Baseline pre and post knowledge on antenatal class was evaluated among respondents using validate questionnaires. T-test was used to determine the relationship between various socio-demographic factors and knowledge of respondents. Results: Chi-square test used to test pre and post knowledge score. There was a significant increase in the difference between before and after antenatal classes run against the knowledge. In addition, the study found no significant difference for participants who are professional and non-professional and level of education. Conclusion: This study concludes thatthe antenatal classes run in HCTM shows a positive im- pact in improving maternal care during pregnancy, childbirth and care after birth. It is best to suggest that to increase promotion and information regarding antenatal classes so that pregnant women and couple could attend and get the benefit from the class.
Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) was introduced over four decades ago as an imaging tool to evaluate functional and anatomical aspects of disease such as malignancy. Besides pathological uptake, PET-CT also shows physiological uptake, especially in the gastrointestinal system, thus impacting diagnostic accuracy in these cases. There are many conditions that can attribute to increasing physiological uptake in PET-CT including microbial activity and drugs. Therefore, certain anti-spasmodic agents have been introduced to help reduce physiological uptake during scanning such as Hyoscine-n-butylbromide (Buscopan). This study aims to establish its effectiveness in reducing physiological bowel uptake on 18F-FDG PET-CT scan. Methods: 133 subjects were recruited in random for this study and divided into hyoscine (68 subjects) and control groups (65 subjects), respectively. Subjects in control group not given any anti-spasmodic medications and both groups received intravenous 18F-FDG according to body weight. PET-CT scan and images were interpreted by experienced nuclear medicine physician who scored the images according to the degree of bowel uptake and difficulty of image interpretation. Results: There were no statistical difference in bowel uptake based on SUV mean of the bowel and bowel-to-liver ratio between hyoscine and control groups. Conclusion: There was no significant effect of Hyoscine-n-butylbromide in reducing physiological bowel uptake in PET-CT scan.
Introduction:Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that is associated with oral carcinogenesis. In addition, biofilm formation has been one of the important virulence factors of the yeast. Streptococcus salivarius K12 is an oral probiotic while Musa acuminata is a well-known prebiotic. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of S. salivarius K12 and M. acuminata skin aqueous extract (synbiotic) on C. albicans with the hypothesis that S. salivariusK12 and M. acuminata inhibit C. albicans biofilm formation. Methods: To develop mono-species biofilm, C. albicans(ATCC MYA-4901 and cancer isolates, ALC2 and ALC3 strains) and S. salivarius K12 were standardised to 105 cells and 106 cells, respectively and grown in 96-well plate in nutrient broth (NB) or RPMI at 37 °C for 72 h. Polymicro-bial biofilms were developed by inoculating both microorganisms in the same well with similar cell number as in mono-species. To determine the effect of synbiotic, similar protocol was repeated by mixing with 800 mg mL-1 of M. acuminata skin extract and incubated at 37 °C for 72 h. The medium was replenished at every 24 h, aseptically. Finally, the biofilms were assessed using crystal violet assay and the optical density was measured at OD620nm. Results:C. albicans strain MYA-4901 and ALC3, when grown in polymicrobial with S. salivarius K12 in NB that is predominated by yeast-form C. albicans, exhibited decreased biofilms by 71.40±11.7% and 49.40±3.9%, respec-tively when compared to the expected biofilms. Meanwhile in RPMI, which C. albicans strain ATCC MYA-4901, ALC2 and ALC3 were predominated by hyphal-form showed decreased biofilms by 72.0±26.7%, 53.4±14.4% and 65.7±6.7%, respectively when compared to the expected biofilms. Conclusion:S. salivarius K12 and M. acuminata skin extract synbiotic inhibit biofilm formation of C. albicans yeast and hyphal forms thus supported the hypothesis of the present study.