Bisep brachii (BB) adalah salah satu otot yang mempunyai pelbagai variasi.
Terkini, kebanyakan maklumat adalah berkenaan variasi asal otot, namun terdapat
beberapa kes yang melaporkan variasi dalam sisipan BB. Dibentangkan di sini
kes BB otot yang mempunyai kedua-dua varian asal dan sisipan dalam otot yang
sama. Varian asal BB adalah panjang dan besar di kepala ketiga (10.2 cm lebar
dan 4.9 cm tebal) yang timbul dari pertengahan badan humerus. Lebih signifikan
lagi, bahagian tengah kepala meliputi dan menyembunyikan bahagian bawah
saraf median dan arteri brachial sebagai gerbang yang berterusan medially untuk
disisipkan ke epicondyle medial humerus. Dalam laporan ini, kami membincangkan
mekanisma yang mungkin untuk pemampatan neurovaskular oleh kepala ketiga
otot BB yang tidak normal dan perubahan BB dari asal dan sisipan. Memahami
perubahan ini adalah sangat penting dalam prosedur pembedahan di sekeliling
sendi siku dan lengan atas dan ia juga memberi ruang untuk diagnosis pembezaan
sindrom perangkap saraf
The effects of castration with/ without testosterone replacement in male rats, and ovarectomy with oestrogen replacement in female rats, on serum lipids were studied. Simultaneous feeding with diets fortified with 20% weight/ weight (w/ w) soybean oil (Sb) or palm oil (P0) were done to determine the influence of these oils on serum lipids in castrated and sex hormone replaced rats. Two month old male and female Rattus norwegicus rats were given the above treatment for 4 months, and their sera assayed for lipid profile. Castration increased HDL-cholesterol (HDLchol) and total cholesterol (Tchol) concentrations. Testosterone or oestrogen replacement in male and female rats respectively increased HDLchol and decreased LDL-cholesterol (LDLchol) concentrations. Testosterone replacement also decreased Tchol concentration back to noncastrated levels, and reduced serum triglycerides (TG) to lower than non-castrated levels. Addition of Sb or P0 to the diet increased the LDLchol in the testosterone or oestrogen replaced male and female rats, but there was no difference between the two groups. P0 raised serum TG of the testosterone replaced group compared to control and Sb groups. In conclusion, testosterone and oestrogen were found to have favourable effects on serum lipids. Sb and P0 did not differ in their effects on lipoprotein cholesterol and Tchol, but P0 raised serum TG as compared to Sb.
The soleus muscles of hyperthyroid rats were used to investigate the effect of palm olein oil and soya bean oil on the production of lipid peroxidation products. It was found that palm olein oil but not soya bean oil significantly decreased malonaldehyde and conjugated diene levels of the soleus muscles of hyperthyroid rats. These findings suggest that palm olein per se produces less lipid peroxidation products than soya bean oil. Such an assay method gives a composite net picture of the propensity of an oil to produce lipid peroxidation products.
1. The mean levels of lipid peroxidation products, namely conjugated diene and malonaldehyde, were increased in the soleus muscles of hyperthyroid cats, while the mean glutathione peroxidase activity was decreased. No corresponding similar changes were noted in the fast extensor digitorum longus muscles and serum. 2. Propranolol administration prevented the increase in conjugated diene level in the soleus muscles of hyperthyroid cat but not the malonaldehyde level. It also prevented the reduction in glutathione peroxidase activity in the slow oxidative soleus muscles of hyperthyroid cats. 3. Maximal twitch tension, subtetanic tension and maximum tetanic tension of soleus and EDL muscles were reduced in hyperthyroid cats. Propranolol administration for 5 weeks to hyperthyroid cats did not prevent the reduction in tension of contractions of these muscles. 4. It is suggested that lipid peroxidation might not be responsible for the myopathy in hyperthyroidism and propranolol administration does not improve skeletal muscle function in hyperthyroid animals.
Our aim was to determine the disposition of creatine in ovine pregnancy and whether creatine is transferred across the placenta from mother to fetus. Pregnant ewes received either1) a continuous intravenous infusion of creatine monohydrate or saline from 122 to 131 days gestation, with maternal and fetal arterial blood and amniotic fluid samples collected daily for creatine analysis and fetal tissues collected at necropsy at 133 days for analysis of creatine content, or2) a single systemic bolus injection of [13C]creatine monohydrate at 130 days of gestation, with maternal and fetal arterial blood, uterine vein blood, and amniotic fluid samples collected before and for 4 h after injection and analyzed for creatine, creatine isotopic enrichment, and guanidinoacetic acid (GAA; precursor of creatine) concentrations. Presence of the creatine transporter-1 (SLC6A8) and l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT; the enzyme synthesizing GAA) proteins were determined by Western blots of placental cotyledons. The 10-day creatine infusion increased maternal plasma creatine concentration three- to fourfold (P< 0.05) without significantly changing fetal arterial, amniotic fluid, fetal tissues, or placental creatine content. Maternal arterial13C enrichment was increased (P< 0.05) after bolus [13C]creatine injection without change of fetal arterial13C enrichment. SLC6A8 and AGAT proteins were identified in placental cotyledons, and GAA concentration was significantly higher in uterine vein than maternal artery plasma. Despite the presence of SLC6A8 protein in cotyledons, these results suggest that creatine is not transferred from mother to fetus in near-term sheep and that the ovine utero-placental unit releases GAA into the maternal circulation.