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  1. Pre-clinical endodontic education outcomes between artificial versus extracted natural teeth: a systematic review
    Decurcio DA, Lim E, Chaves GS, Nagendrababu V, Estrela C, Rossi-Fedele G
    Int Endod J, 2019 Aug;52(8):1153-1161.
    PMID: 30883828 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13116
    AIM: To compare the educational outcomes using artificial teeth versus extracted teeth for pre-clinical endodontic training.

    DATA SOURCES: Literature searches of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Trip Database, Web of Science and Open Grey databases were conducted from their inception until November 2018 with no language restriction. Hand searching of most likely relevant journals was performed. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines.

    STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Studies that compared pre-clinical endodontic training using extracted teeth and artificial teeth were included.

    STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: The quality of included studies was appraised by Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools. The findings were tabulated and summarized according to their outcomes with distinct narrative syntheses.

    RESULTS: Five studies were included. The component studies included 359 operators in total, mainly consisting of undergraduate students (97%, n = 349) and 10 endodontists (3%). Forty-seven per cent (n = 170) operated on artificial teeth only, whilst 19% (n = 67) worked primarily on extracted teeth, with the final treatment outcome being evaluated by independent observers using objective criteria. Operators in two studies (34%, n = 122) used both artificial teeth and ET and compared their experiences in surveys. Regarding technical outcomes, no significant differences between training with artificial teeth and extracted teeth were found, but the performance tended to be better in artificial teeth than extracted teeth. Operators trained solely on artificial teeth appeared to be adequately educated for subsequent root canal treatment (RCT) in the clinical setting.

    LIMITATIONS: Due to the scarcity of research on the topic overall, and the methodological variation between the studies, it was not possible to perform a quantitative analysis (meta-analysis).

    CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS: Based on the available evidence, the use of artificial teeth for pre-clinical endodontic training achieved similar educational outcomes compared to extracted teeth. However, the experiences reported by the operators diverged. Further studies assessing other artificial teeth available in the market testing other RCT procedures are necessary.

  2. Fulltext Author Correction: Ongoing declines for the world's amphibians in the face of emerging threats
    Luedtke JA, Chanson J, Neam K, Hobin L, Maciel AO, Catenazzi A, et al.
    Nature, 2024 Jan;625(7993):E2.
    PMID: 38040869 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06851-6
  3. Fulltext Ongoing declines for the world's amphibians in the face of emerging threats
    Luedtke JA, Chanson J, Neam K, Hobin L, Maciel AO, Catenazzi A, et al.
    Nature, 2023 Oct;622(7982):308-314.
    PMID: 37794184 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06578-4
    Systematic assessments of species extinction risk at regular intervals are necessary for informing conservation action1,2. Ongoing developments in taxonomy, threatening processes and research further underscore the need for reassessment3,4. Here we report the findings of the second Global Amphibian Assessment, evaluating 8,011 species for the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. We find that amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate class (40.7% of species are globally threatened). The updated Red List Index shows that the status of amphibians is deteriorating globally, particularly for salamanders and in the Neotropics. Disease and habitat loss drove 91% of status deteriorations between 1980 and 2004. Ongoing and projected climate change effects are now of increasing concern, driving 39% of status deteriorations since 2004, followed by habitat loss (37%). Although signs of species recoveries incentivize immediate conservation action, scaled-up investment is urgently needed to reverse the current trends.
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