The aqueous and ethanol extracts of Stichopus chloronotus Brandt were investigated for their effectiveness against guinea pig dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes using the hair root invasion test. The ethanol extract at 10 mg/ml showed 82.8 % efficacy against T. mentagrophytes while the aqueous extract at similar concentration showed 84.8% efficacy against M. canis infection, as compared to econazole which showed 100% efficacy against both infections. No adverse effect on the skin was observed in the treated animals. In conclusion, aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. chloronotus showed high antimycotic activity against experimentally induced dermatophytosis in guinea pigs.
Staphylococcus aureus tahan Methicillin (MRSA) adalah patogen yang mudah tersebar dan cenderung untuk menjadi multi-rintangan terhadap hampir semua terapi antibiotik yang terdapat di pasaran kini. Gal daripada Quercus infectoria atau lebih dikenali sebagai manjakani di Malaysia telah diketahui mempunyai aktiviti anti-bakteria. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji kesan kombinasi ekstrak gal daripada Q. infectoria dengan vankomisin terhadap lima strain MRSA dan dua strain Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). Proses pengekstrakan dilakukan menggunakan pelarut aseton, metanol dan akues. Teknik mikro pencairan bersiri kaldu dijalankan menggunakan plat telaga 96 bagi menentukan nilai Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Kesan interaksi di antara gal Q. infectoria dengan vankomisin dikaji menggunakan teknik checkerboard bagi mendapatkan nilai indek Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC). Hasil kombinasi ekstrak gal dan vankomisin menunjukkan terdapat aktiviti yang sinergi pada ekstrak aseton terhadap MRSA ATCC 43300 (0.3124), Sa7 (0.3750) dan VISA U9495 (0.3750), manakala ekstrak akues terhadap MRSA Sa7 (0.4167) dan VISA U9495 (0.3958) dan N316 (0.5000). Sebaliknya kombinasi metanol dan vankomisin menunjukkan kesan yang sinergi terhadap ATCC 49476 (0.3750) sahaja manakala aditif terhadap enam lagi strain MRSA yang diuji. Kesan interaksi ini menunjukkan potensi dan kepentingannya dalam pembangunan dan modifikasi agen anti-MRSA.
The fruit of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. is a traditional delicacy in Borneo for its anti-aging benefit. This study evaluated the protective effect of C. odontophyllum leaf aqueous extract on damaged liver in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A total of 30 male Spraque-Dawley rats (150-250g) were randomly divided into three groups: control group, diabetic without treatment and diabetic treated with 300 mg/kg aqueous extract of C. odontophyllum for 28 consecutive days. The diabetic condition was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 65 mg/kg body weight. At the end of study period, blood was collected to assess the biochemical changes and the oxidative stress markers whereas the liver section was examined for morphological changes. Result showed that the level of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in diabetic rats treated with C. odontophyllum were significantly reduced (p
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of methanol, acetone and distilled water stem
bark extracts from Canarium odontophyllum against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 6633,
Escherichia coli ATCC 25932, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Acinetobacter baumannii strain sensitive, Candida
albicans ATCC 64677, Candida glabrata ATCC 90028, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani M2781. The extracts from
C. odontophyllum stem bark from 3.125 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml were screened against the tested microorganisms using disc
diffusion method. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the
extracts against susceptible organisms were determined using microbroth dilution method and streak-plate technique,
respectively. From the antibacterial screening assay, the growth of S. aureus, B. cereus and A. baumannii were inhibited
by methanol extract whereas the acetone extract was capable of inhibiting all the tested microorganisms except E.coli,
F. solani and A. niger. The lowest MIC value for methanol extract was against A. baumannii (0.195 mg/ml) whereas
its MBC value was twice its MIC value (0.391 mg/ml), indicating that methanol extract was bacteriostatic against A.
baumannii. While for acetone extract, S. aureus showed bactericidal effect with equal MIC and MBC values at 0.195 mg/
ml. In conclusion, stem bark of C. odontophyllum has the potential to be the source of antibacterial agent and can be
exploited as an alternative phytoantimicrobial.
Introduction: Traditionally, Mallotus paniculatus (Balik Angin) plant is used in the treatment of various
diseases in rural areas such as remedy after childbirth, wound healing and fever. In this present study, four
medicinal properties of the plant were investigated which included antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and
antioxidant activities. Materials and Methods: Potential medicinal compounds were extracted from the plant
leaves by sonication with 3 different solvents namely ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane respectively. The
antibacterial and antifungal properties were determined using disc diffusion agar and broth dilution assay,
the antioxidant activity by DPPH scavenging assay and the anticancer effect by MTT assay. Results: From the
screening of the medicinal properties, M. paniculatus leave extracts were shown to possess antibacterial,
antioxidant and anticancer properties but not antifungal properties. Ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of
the leave were active against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) but not
gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). The antioxidant activity of the
ethanolic crude extract was high; with IC50 of 30 μg/ml comparable with the positive controls; ascorbic acid
and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Both ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts were cytotoxic against breast
cancer (MCF7), colon cancer (HT-29), cervix cancer (Hela) cell lines. Conclusion: M. paniculatus leave
extract has many potential medicinal values for further studies.