Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), an avian coronavirus, member of the genus Gammacoronavirus, poses significant threats to poultry health, causing severe respiratory, reproductive, and renal infections. The genetic diversity of IBV, driven by mutations, recombination and deletions, has led to the emergence of numerous serotypes and genotypes, complicating both diagnosis and control measures. Rapid and accurate diagnostic tools are essential for effective disease management and minimizing economic losses. Conventional diagnostic methods, such as PCR, virus isolation, and serological assays, are hindered by limitations in sensitivity, specificity, and turnaround time. In contrast, innovative biosensor platforms employing advanced detection mechanisms-including electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric sensors-offer a transformative solution. These technologies provide portable, highly sensitive, and rapid diagnostic platforms for IBV detection. Beyond addressing the challenges of conventional methods, these biosensor-based approaches facilitate real-time monitoring and enhance disease surveillance. This review highlights the transformative potential of biosensors and their integration into diagnostic strategies for avian coronavirus infections, presenting them as a promising alternative for precise and efficient IBV detection.
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis of major economic, public health, and veterinary importance, often causing great population-level impact. Q fever remains a neglected zoonotic disease of considerable public health and veterinary significance, responsible for notable economic losses for livestock farmers. Despite their significance, the epidemiology of RVFV and Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) remains poorly understood, with little evidence on their seroprevalence and associated risk factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the seroprevalence of RVFV and C. burnetii, and to identify associated risk factors in domestic livestock. We collected a total of 568 blood samples from domestic livestock across three different districts using convenience sampling. Individual animal and herd-level data were obtained through a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against RVFV and C. burnetii using a competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA). While none of the animals tested positive for RVFV antibodies, the overall seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies was 9.7% (95% CI: 7.4-12.4), which was highest in sheep (5.8%), followed by goats (2.1%), camels (1.1%), and cattle (0.7%). Animals from households (OR = 0.19, p = 0.04) and young livestock (OR = 0.10, p
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global threat to both animal and human health, underscoring the importance of AMR surveillance across all sectors of the One Health triad, including wildlife. Fruit bats in Bangladesh frequently inhabit areas in close proximity to human settlements and livestock facilities, creating ecological conditions that facilitate the co-occurrence of AMR bacteria through direct contact or shared contaminated environments. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. isolation and the proportion of antimicrobial-resistant isolates among confirmed positives, characterize resistance patterns across multiple antimicrobial classes, and identify associated risk factors in fruit bat populations and environmental water sources in Bangladesh. We collected 369 fecal samples from the roosts of two bat species, Pteropus medius and Rousettus leschenaultii, along with 22 water samples from water bodies utilized by humans, livestock, and bats. Salmonella spp. isolates were identified using selective agar culture, followed by biochemical testing and confirmation via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Confirmed isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing via the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against 12 antimicrobials. The prevalence of AMR Salmonella spp. was 7.9% (95% CI: 5.3-11.1%) in bat's roost fecal samples and 31.8% (95% CI: 13.9-54.9%) in environmental water samples. Bat-derived isolates showed high resistance to tetracycline (93%), nalidixic acid (86%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (80%), and azithromycin (76%). Among the identified AMR isolates, 28 (96.5%) met the criteria for multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes. Water-derived isolates also demonstrated high resistance, particularly to tetracycline (86%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (75%), azithromycin (73%), ceftriaxone (72%), and ciprofloxacin (71%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio (OR) of detection of MDR Salmonella spp. in fruit bats was 5.1 times higher during the summer season compared to winter. These findings highlight the evidence of MDR Salmonella spp. in fruit bats and shared environmental water sources in Bangladesh. The co-occurrence of resistant isolates across wildlife and environmental samples highlights the need for integrated AMR surveillance encompassing wildlife reservoirs and shared ecological interfaces. Strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, improved wastewater management, and coordinated One Health surveillance strategies are essential to mitigate the risk of zoonotic spillover and reduce further ecological overlap of MDR bacteria at the wildlife-livestock-human interface in Bangladesh and the broader South Asian region.