INTRODUCTION: Medication reviews is a widely accepted approach known to have a substantial impact on patients' pharmacotherapy and safety. Numerous options to optimise pharmacotherapy in older people have been reported in literature and they include medication reviews, computerised decision support systems, management teams, and educational approaches. Pharmacist-led medication reviews are increasingly being conducted, aimed at attaining patient safety and medication optimisation. Cost effectiveness is an essential aspect of a medication review evaluation. Areas covered: A systematic searching of articles that examined the cost-effectiveness of medication reviews conducted in aged care facilities was performed using the relevant databases. Pharmacist-led medication reviews confer many benefits such as attainment of biomarker targets for improved clinical outcomes, and other clinical parameters, as well as depict concrete financial advantages in terms of decrement in total medication costs and associated cost savings. Expert commentary: The cost-effectiveness of medication reviews are more consequential than ever before. A critical evaluation of pharmacist-led medication reviews in residential aged care facilities from an economical aspect is crucial in determining if the time, effort, and direct and indirect costs involved in the review rationalise the significance of conducting medication reviews for older people in aged care facilities.
Croton bonplandianus, a natural source traditionally used for treating various illnesses, including rheumatoid arthritis, was evaluated in this study. The effects of ethanolic extracts (CBEE) and aqueous fractions (CBAF) of C. bonplandianus leaves on arthritis-induced inflammation were studied using an albino rat model of inflammation induced by Freund's complete adjuvant. Eight test groups (n = 5 per group) and one vehicle control were used to evaluate the antiarthritic effects of different doses of CBEE and CBAF (125 mg.kg-1, 250 mg.kg-1, and 500 mg.kg-1) on days 5, 10, 15, and 20 compared to arthritic and vehicle controls. Arthritis severity was assessed using macroscopic arthritis grading, histological analysis, body weights, and paw thickness. CBEE and CBAF were found to reduce the prevalence of arthritis, increase body weight, and decrease paw inflammation compared to the vehicle control group by the 23rd day. In addition, they showed no effect on biochemical parameters, but a significant difference (p