Pada umumnya, proses sol–gel melibatkan peralihan dari sistem larutan cecair iaitu “sol” ke fasa pepejal yang disebut “gel”. Dalam kajian ini filem nipis Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST) telah dihasilkan dengan menggunakan kaedah sol-gel menggunakan Ba(C4H6O4), Sr(CH3CO2)4 dan (Ti(OCHCH3)2)4. Filem yang terhasil disepuhlindap pada suhu 6000C, 6500C dan 7000C selama 1 jam dalam persekitaran udara biasa. Mikrostruktur, morfologi dan komposisi unsur filem tersepuhlindap ditentukan menggunakan XRD, AFM dan EDS. Dari hasil pencirian diperoleh semakin tinggi suhu sepuhlindap penghabluran filem dan kekasaran permukaan semakin meningkat. Nisbah Ba/Sr berkurangan dengan kenaikan suhu sepuhlindap.
The BaCe0.95Yb0.05O2.975 compound was successfully prepared by the sol-gel method using metal acetate salts as starting materials. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results showed that the carbonate ions residue almost disappeared at calcination temperature of 1300 oC. Particles size of the final calcined powder obtained from particle size distribution was in the range of 300-450 nm. Diameter of grains for the sintered pellet (relative density ≈85 %) obtained from scanning electron microscope was between 2-5 μm. It is interesting to note that eliminating the carbonate ions residue enhanced the mechanical and chemical stability of the sample.
Carbon pellets (CP) were prepared from the green pellets (GP) containing mixtures of pre-carbonized oil palm empty fruit bunches (SACG) and Green Petroleum Cokes (GPC), with the weight percentages (x) of SACG in the samples at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%. Carbonization process to produce the CP was conducted up to 900oC using a multi steps heating profile. The interlayer spacing (d200 and d100), stack height (Lc), stack width (La,) and effective dimension L of the turbostratic crystallites (microsrystallite) in the CPs were estimated from X-ray diffraction data; d200, d100, La, L increased and Lc decreased with increasing weight percentage of SACG. The total surface area of active material of the CP (Atot) with thickness, t, estimated from Lc was found to follow the equation, Atot = [4.8086 – 0.0083x]1010 t, indicating a significant influence of the SACG content in the mixture of the green body.