Breast cancer becomes the second major cause of death among women cancer patients worldwide. Based on research conducted in 2019, there are approximately 250,000 women across the United States diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year. The prevention of breast cancer remains a challenge in the current world as the growth of breast cancer cells is a multistep process that involves multiple cell types. Early diagnosis and detection of breast cancer are among the greatest approaches to preventing cancer from spreading and increasing the survival rate. For more accurate and fast detection of breast cancer disease, automatic diagnostic methods are applied to conduct the breast cancer diagnosis. This paper proposed the fuzzy-ID3 (FID3) algorithm, a fuzzy decision tree as the classification method in breast cancer detection. This study aims to resolve the limitation of an existing method, ID3 algorithm that unable to classify the continuous-valued data and increase the classification accuracy of the decision tree. FID3 algorithm combined the fuzzy system and decision tree techniques with ID3 algorithm as the decision tree learning. FUZZYDBD method, an automatic fuzzy database definition method, would be used to design the fuzzy database for fuzzification of data in the FID3 algorithm. It was used to generate a predefined fuzzy database before the generation of the fuzzy rule base. The fuzzified dataset was applied in FID3 algorithm, which is the fuzzy version of the ID3 algorithm. The inference system of FID3 algorithm is simple with direct extraction of rules from generated tree to determine the classes for the new input instances. This study also analysed the results using three breast cancer datasets: WBCD (Original), WDBC (Diagnostic) and Coimbra. Furthermore, the comparison of FID3 algorithm with the existing methods is conducted to verify the proposed method's capability and performance. This study identified that the combination of FID3 algorithm with FUZZYDBD method is reliable, robust and managed to perform well in breast cancer classification.
Poor performance of wet scrubbers in rubber processing plants due to breakthrough of specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) causes odour impact events. The performance of wet scrubbers in the rubber drying process to remove VOCs was investigated in order to determine the responsible odorants. VOC emissions originating at the inlet and outlet of wet scrubbers were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O). Critical VOCs were identified alongside seasonal and daily variations of those VOCs. Altogether, 80 VOCs were detected in rubber emissions with 16 classified as critical VOCs based on their chemical concentration, high odour activity value (OAV) and unpleasant odour. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were the dominant VOCs with seasonal variations affecting emission composition. Results demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the wet scrubbers to mitigate odorous VOCs whereas the removal of some VOCs could be improved based on their polarity and solubility. It was found that there is a correlation between the wet scrubber performance and VFAs concentration in the emissions. The findings demonstrated that combining quantitative and sensory analyses improved accuracy in identifying odorous VOCs, which can cause odour annoyance from rubber processing. A VOC identification framework was proposed using both analyses approaches.
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the oldest diseases known to humankind, dating back to ancient Egypt. The disease is a chronic metabolic disorder that heavily burdens healthcare providers worldwide due to the steady increment of patients yearly. Worryingly, diabetes affects not only the aging population but also children. It is prevalent to control this problem, as diabetes can lead to many health complications. As evolution happens, humankind starts integrating computer technology with the healthcare system. The utilization of artificial intelligence assists healthcare to be more efficient in diagnosing diabetes patients, better healthcare delivery, and more patient eccentric. Among the advanced data mining techniques in artificial intelligence, stacking is among the most prominent methods applied in the diabetes domain. Hence, this study opts to investigate the potential of stacking ensembles. The aim of this study is to reduce the high complexity inherent in stacking, as this problem contributes to longer training time and reduces the outliers in the diabetes data to improve the classification performance. In addressing this concern, a novel machine learning method called the Stacking Recursive Feature Elimination-Isolation Forest was introduced for diabetes prediction. The application of stacking with Recursive Feature Elimination is to design an efficient model for diabetes diagnosis while using fewer features as resources. This method also incorporates the utilization of Isolation Forest as an outlier removal method. The study uses accuracy, precision, recall, F1 measure, training time, and standard deviation metrics to identify the classification performances. The proposed method acquired an accuracy of 79.077% for PIMA Indians Diabetes and 97.446% for the Diabetes Prediction dataset, outperforming many existing methods and demonstrating effectiveness in the diabetes domain.