The primary aim of this study is to develop an economical, stable, and effective heterogeneous catalyst for wastewater remediation via the Fenton oxidation process. For this purpose, Fe3O4-montmorillonite alginate (FeMA) composite beads were synthesized by entrapping Fe3O4-montmorillonite in calcium alginate beads. The performance of the catalysts was evaluated via the Fenton degradation of ofloxacin (OFL), an antibiotic that is frequently detected in water bodies. The physiochemical properties of the FeMA composite beads were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM/EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FeMA composite beads were found to have a higher surface area, higher porosity, and better thermal stability compared to pristine alginate beads. The composite beads were subsequently used for Fenton degradation of ofloxacin (OFL) in an aqueous solution. The effects of Fe3O4-montmorillonite loading on alginate, FeMA composite beads dosage, initial solution pH, initial OFL concentration, different oxidants, H2O2 dosage, reaction temperature, and inorganic salts on Fenton degradation of OFL in aqueous solution was investigated. The results revealed that the percentage of OFL degradation reached about 80 % under optimized conditions, while the total organic carbon (TOC) removal reached about 53 %. The entrapment of Fe3O4-montmorillonite in alginate beads results in less iron ions leaching compared to previous observation, and the efficiency remains constant over the five cycles investigated. The kinetics of the Fenton degradation process are best fitted to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. It is therefore believed that FeMA composite beads can be a promising material for wastewater remediation via the Fenton oxidation process.
The purpose of this research is to synthesize environmentally friendly nanosorbents for the novel adsorption of diesel range organics (DRO) from contaminated water. Central composite design (CCD) analysis of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed in a model fitting of the variables predicting the adsorption efficiency of Moringa oleifera-functionalized zerovalent iron particles (ZINPs) for the removal of DRO. The effects of the reaction parameters on the response were screened using 24 factorial designs to determine the statistically significant independent variables. A quadratic model predicting the DRO adsorption efficiency of ZINPs with an F value of 276.84 (p value
In photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants, adsorption and degradation are two important processes that take place. Various instrumental techniques and trapping experiments have been used to identify the reactive species and the mechanism of photodegradation. The present work focuses on investigating the mechanism of photo-induced degradation from the comparative characterization of fresh and used samples, isotherm models, competitive adsorption, and desorption studies of pure and Ag+-modified TiO2 NPs. The comparative characterizations of fresh and used NPs were carried out with FT-IR, EDX, and XRF analyses after methylene blue (MB) degradation. The Ag+ doped TiO2 used in this study was fabricated using simple impregnation technique. The prepared NPs were characterized using techniques including XPS, XRD, SEM/EDX, XRF, UV-DRS, and pH point-zero charge analyses (pHPZC). The Ag+-modified TiO2 NPs showed improved efficiency compared to pure TiO2 NPs using normal compact fluorescent light (CFL). The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to test the adsorption behavior on the surface photocatalysts. The investigational data finest fitted to the Langmuir isotherms model compared to Freundlich model, suggesting the homogeneous monolayer adsorption followed by degradations. The competitive removal of MB in the presence of a photo-generated electrons trapper (Cd2+) was enhanced almost 3-folds (115 mg/L) compared to the removal from a single MB solution (40 mg/L). The characterization of the used samples as well as adsorption in the dark and negligible desorption of used samples support the involvement of the proposed photo-induced degradation mechanism.
Molecular pharmaceutics play a critical role in the drug delivery system, representing the direct interconnection of drug bioavailability with its molecular form. There is a diversity in the molecular structures by which it affects its properties, such as amorphous form, crystalline form, partialamorphous molecular dispersion, and disordered state. The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and the excipients utilized in the formulation process contain various divergent modes used in the formulation process. They include better formulations of any type to obtain good quality pharmaceutical products. This review reveals how the molecular states affect the API and are important in maintaining the quality of dosage forms. Furthermore, the physio-chemical properties of the components and various pharmaceutical approaches employed in the formulation of dosage forms are studied from the point of view of molecular pharmaceutics.
More than 10 million people worldwide have Alzheimer's disease (AD), a degenerative neurological illness and the most prevalent form of dementia. AD's progression in memory loss, cognitive deterioration, and behavioral changes are all symptoms. Amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42), the hyperphosphorylated forms of microtubule-associated tau protein, and other cellular and systemic alterations are all factors that contribute to cognitive decline in AD. Rather than delivering a possible cure, present therapy strategies focus on reducing disease symptoms. It has long been suggested that various naturally occurring small molecules (plant extract products and microbiological isolates, for example) could be beneficial in preventing or treating disease. Small compounds, such as flavonoids, have attracted much interest recently due to their potential to alleviate cellular stress. Flavonoids have been proven helpful in various ways, including antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-apoptotic agents, but their mechanism remains unknown. The flavonoid therapy of Alzheimer's disease focuses on this review, which includes a comprehensive literature analysis.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality across the globe. The most prevalent pathological form of lung cancer is non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Elevated stimulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway causes a slew of cancer-related symptoms, making it a promising target for new anticancer drugs. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR path is involved extensively in carcinogenesis and disease advancement in NSCLC. Several new inhibitors targeting this pathway have been discovered in preclinical investigations and clinical trials. The etiology and epidemiology of NSCLC and biology of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade and its role in NSCLC pathogenesis have all been discussed in this article. In this article, we've reviewed PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade inhibitors that have been proven in vitro and in preclinical trials to be effective in NSCLC. Drugs targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR path in the treatment of NSCLC were also addressed. A better knowledge of the underlying molecular biology, including epigenetic changes, is also critical to detecting relevant biomarkers and guiding combination methods. Additionally, improved clinical trial designs will increase the capacity to test novel drugs and combinations for accounting for genomic variation and eventually improve patient outcomes.