The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional properties (thickness; water vapor
permeability (WVP); film microstructure, tensile strength (TS) and biodegradability) of
carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/gelatin (gel)/chitosan (chi) biocomposite film as influenced
by different drying temperature (25 and 60 °C). Seven formulations (CMC/gel/chi) prepared
were control (100/0/0), formulations A (80/20/0), B (80/0/20), C (80/10/10), D (60/20/20),
E (60/30/10), and F (60/10/30). Different drying temperature resulted in different time taken
for the film to dry. Results revealed that formulation F was optimal due to its high tensile
strength and low WVP rate which support its biodegradability for both drying conditions. FTIR
assay revealed a strong carboxyl group for CMC, which contributed to high biodegradability
results (85.3 vs. 85.50%) for room vs. oven dried specimens, respectively. Such desirable
characteristics demonstrated that film F holds remarkable potential as edible films material
with enhanced positive impacts on the environment and community.
Protein-based films are thin and flexible films derived from protein sources. They are
completely biodegradable and used in food engineering, packaging, drug recovery, and other
applications. In food packaging, gelatin is widely used due to properties such as low cost,
availability, functional attributes, mechanical (flexibility and tension) and optical (brightness
and opacity) strength, barrier against gas flow, and structural resistance to water and
microorganisms. Therefore, this paper reviews the characterisation of biodegradable
protein-based films from gelatin alternatives, mainly from fish and chicken skin, as food
packaging materials. The properties of film packaging derived from gelatin alternatives were
compared with films derived from mammalian gelatin. The findings showed that the blended
gelatin alternatives with polysaccharide improved physical properties such as water vapour
permeability, gas permeability, light transmission and transparency, thermal properties,
microstructure, colour, and heat sealability. Moreover, improvements in mechanical
properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break were also investigated. This review
also comes out with suggestions for future research on the compatibility between gelatin films
and food ingredients. This paper provides a comprehensive overview that promotes the
development of biodegradable blended films from gelatin alternatives for packaging
applications in the food industry and related fields.
This study examined the effects of drying temperatures (25 and 45 °C) on the physical properties
of different formulations of gelatin/CMC/chitosan composite films. The physical properties
of each formulated film were assessed via Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy,
X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD), Water Vapour Permeability (WVP) and biodegradability. The
incorporation of CMC and chitosan significantly influenced film properties. Increased chitosan
concentrations reduced the film’s amorphous character by increasing its crystalline structure.
The blended films also exhibited amino peaks that shifted from 1542 to ~1548 cm-1 while NH
and/or OH peaks shifted from 3384 to 3288 cm-1. Formulation E had the second lowest WVP
for both drying condition and the highest weight loss for biodegradability after burial in soil for
5 days. In conclusion, different temperature did not affect the properties of film produced and
formulation E qualified as ‘high quality packaging material’ with promising potential for the
food packaging industry.
Two solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) systems of carboxymethyl cellulose doped ammonium chloride (CMC-AC) and propylene carbonate plasticized (CMC-AC-PC) were prepared via solution casting technique. The ionic conductivity of SBEs were analyzed using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the frequency range of 50 Hz-1 MHz at ambient temperature (303K). The highest ionic conductivity of CMC-AC SBE is 1.43 × 10(-3)S/cm for 16 wt.% of AC while the highest conductivity of plasticized SBE system is 1.01 × 10(-2)S/cm when added with 8 wt.% of PC. TGA/DSC showed that the addition of PC had increased the decomposition temperature compared of CMC-AC SBE. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the occurrence of complexation between the SBE components and it is proved successfully executed by Gaussian software. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that amorphous nature of SBEs. It is believed that the PC is one of the most promising plasticizer to enhance the ionic conductivity and performance for SBE system.
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transference number measurement (TNM) techniques were applied to investigate the complexation, structural, and ionic transport properties of and the dominant charge-carrier species in a solid biopolymer electrolyte (SBE) system based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) doped with ammonium fluoride (NH4F), which was prepared via a solution casting technique. The SBEs were partially opaque in appearance, with no phase separation. The presence of interactions between the host polymer (CMC) and the ionic dopant (NH4F) was proven by FT-IR analysis at the C-O band. XRD spectra analyzed using Origin 8 software disclose that the degree of crystallinity (χc%) of the SBEs decreased with the addition of NH4F, indicating an increase in the amorphous nature of the SBEs. Analysis of the ionic transport properties reveals that the ionic conductivity of the SBEs is dependent on the ionic mobility (μ) and diffusion of ions (D). TNM analysis confirms that the SBEs are proton conductors.
Addition of doping materials can possibly enhance the ionic conduction of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). In this work, a new SPE using 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose (2-HEC) incorporated with different ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) composition was prepared via solution casting method. Studies of structural properties were conducted to correlate the ionic conductivity of 2-HECNH4NO3SPE using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Encouraging result was obtained as the ionic conductivity increased about two orders of magnitude upon addition of 12wt% of NH4NO3. XRD analysis shows the most amorphous SPE was obtained at 12-NH4NO3. From FTIR spectra, the interactions between 2-HEC and NH4NO3were observed by the shifts of COH peak from 1355cm-1to 1330cm-1and the presence of new NH peak in the OH region. The spectrum has been validated theoretically using Gaussian software. The results obtained from this study corroborate that the complexes of 2-HEC and NH4NO3responsible to promote the ionic conductivity to the higher value.
The plasticized solid bio-polymer electrolytes (SBEs) system has been formed by introducing glycerol (Gly) as the plasticizer into the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) doped with oleic acid (OA) via solution casting techniques. The ionic conductivity of the plasticized SBEs has been studied using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy. The highest conductivity achieved is 1.64 × 10(-4) S cm(-1) for system containing 40 wt. % of glycerol. FTIR deconvolution technique had shown that the conductivity of CMC-OA-Gly SBEs is primarily influenced by the number density of mobile ions. Transference number measurement has shown that the cation diffusion coefficient and ionic mobility is higher than anion which proved the plasticized polymer system is a proton conductor.