Gender bias are most obvious in the distribution of income and wealth. This reflects women’s unequal position in the labour market , their less favorable treatment in most social security systems and their lower status within the household. Discrimination against women is also evident in the political sphere. Their access to power is not commensurate with their numbers, their needs or their contributions as citizens. As well as affecting women’s physical and mental health, gender bias also affect the quality of the services they receive. In most developed countries, women are offered equal access to basic health care. However their use of those service may be hindered by a number of gender related factors which are likely to affect poor women in particular. In health organization, gender bias gives significant impact to the evaluation of staff performance, increase stress level and miscommunication. It is also influence the leadership style and also can create ‘glass ceiling’ phenomenon. Job dissatisfaction , absenteeism and high turn over are also the consequences of gender bias. Alongside the development of gender sensitive methods of routine data collection, gender bias in health research will also need to be addressed. Most biomedical research continues to be based on the unstated assumption that women and men are physiologically similar in all respects apart from their reproductive systems. Other biological differences are ignored, as are the social/gender differences that have such a major impact on health.
Introduction: Non-verbal cues are untold words that carry a significant meaning. As a doctor, this remark needs to be perceived correctly. It is an inevitable communication knowledge and skills ought to be mastered in any doctorpatient relationship, particularly when making patient’s assessment.
Methodology: This was a systematic communication assessment of a real observations on doctor-patient relationship in various setting. It was supported by feedbacks from many scholars who were involved in research and teaching and also reviews, papers and studies on the said subject.
Results: It has been realized that non-verbal communication was equally important and necessary to complement the verbal one. From all non-verbal cues we have recognized and listed, we have identified at least ten to be the most vital areas to be observed while counseling or consulting a patient.
Conclusion: Non-verbal cues were always present to support doctor in making a final conclusion about his/her patient’s state. If doctor was patience enough, he or she could has a complete profile of his/her patient and this would lead to the improvement in a person’s life. Having an observant attitude and being able to nose around appropriately were skills that have to be learnt, experienced and applied as these might make an effective doctor-patient communication.
Background: An effective doctor-patient communication has increasingly being recognized as an important factor in patient care. All means should be oriented towards narrowing communication gap. The essential methods must be searched and doctor must be able to conduct communication session in more pleasing manner.
Methodology: This is a systematic review on observations made on doctor-patient relationship on various setting and supported by feedbacks from many scholars who are involved in research, teaching and also papers and studies on the said subject.
Results: It is been realized that effective communication is not easily done if its process not well complemented and the gap is left widening. From all possible communication gaps recognized and listed, at least ten have identified to be the most essential methods to be prioritized while counseling or consulting a patient.
Conclusion: Effective communication between patient and doctor is the essential prerequisite of good medical practice and especially important for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Its mutual benefit can only be observed if all efforts are centered towards managing the communication gap.
Introduction: Relatives play an important role in patient care - not only providing social support but also help to complement the existing care. They must be empowered with relevant knowledge and skills of patient care including motivating patient towards immediate healing and acceptance of his fate. Although these are various approaches, the media is regarded as the most effective method in educating the family or the relatives. This paper highlights the significant role of the media as an educational tool to mobilize patient’s relatives in total patient care.
Methodology: This is a review conducted on reports, observations and feedbacks gathered from various sources involved in patient education in hospital setting. It was endorsed by a series of in-depth expert forum under patient education module.
Results: Relative empowerment has been identified to be as an important role and yet it is not fully utilized. The manpower resources are so scarce and crucial in patient as well as relative education. The media is the only alternative educational tool that could compliment the educational needs. Of all potential media available in the market we have recognized at least four types of media that can be optimally resourced and used. Through manipulation of its content and making it interactive, the role of media seemed to be extremely effective in patient management that include relatives.
Conclusion: The role of media in relative’s education in support of patient care is undeniable. The media with the most potential should be identified and the management of its content to be enhanced. It must be incorporated with an interactive approach in order to have more self-involvement and undersatanding of its content.
Introduction : It is no doubt that the success of any health organization depends so closely on its managerial functions. To achieve this, the leader or manager as the core strategist of its organization must in all time be updated with the latest evidence-based information so that he or she can be easily operationalized his or her management function in more effective and sustainable manners. It depends largely on scientific literatures that published relevant articles within this scope. Unfortunately, management topics related to health care system is scattered published and this has indirectly affect manager to access the latest scientific documents.
Methods : We examined the practice of well known international journal in health care namely New England Medical Journal (NEMJ) on its role in propagating latest health management topics to its prospective clients.
Results : The result showed that a total of 31% health management topics were published throughout 2007 out of 1140 articles appeared. Of these, about 33% were confined to general health administration. The remaining articles were related to healthcare delivery practices (24%), medical ethics and legal matters (17% each), and manpower issues and training (9%).
Conclusion : Focus on managerial related articles relatively low as compared to clinical and other evidence-based medicine that clearly dominated health management issues.
Surprisingly little was known about the importance of touch in life which was placed at a lower emphasis than the rest-namely visual, auditory, olfactory sense and etc. This writing aimed to decipher the significances of interpersonal touch, its culture, practices, barriers and challenges, which were then conveyed to the public as a form of health promotion. Methodology includes narrative review where the suitable literatures used were searched using ScienceDirect database under the keywords of “Interpersonal Touch”, “Oxytocin” and “Touch”. In this review, we have highlighted some of the most critical points which should have been promoted to the public. For example, touch satisfies individual psychosomatic and psychosocial needs. It forms a non-verbal communication culture which interacts about emotions, trust, compliance and more. Furthermore, it has been linked to the secretion of multifunctional bioactive chemical-oxytocin which was well-known in its therapeutic advantages for a wide range of commonest chronic diseases and social ills. Although some dysfunctional consequences may be resulted, incorporating genuine interpersonal touch into today’s efforts is undeniably viewed as a good option in solving many social problems.
Introduction : Health management is a tool to ensure an effective running of health program and at the same time avoiding flaws to its components including patients, workers and the entire organization. Risk management is a new concept in health management where the determinants of the problems or the risks are put to minima. It’s strategies are oriented towards prevention as well as controlling to all its administrative system.
Methodology : This is a systematic review on various papers, studies and observations put forwards by risk management experts. It is also supported by feedbacks from many scholars who are involved in research and teaching.
Results : It is been observed that risk management activities have been on practiced in health care delivery system. It is not a new form, but rather a situational action based on certain issues. In fact, it happens in any organization – public or private. Close observation on this area has triggered development of various risk management models including some administrative standard and guidelines.
Conclusion: Risk management is a new approach that need to be practiced by all manager and leader. Its discipline involves interpretation of risk at all angles. It is not only confined to the explicit component, but should also be expended to others area as well. It needs a good sense and good attitude of the manager. The essence of risk management is to minimize the risk to patient, staff, public and the entire organization.