METHODS: This is a descriptive, retrospective, clinical study of surgeries performed between 2014 and 2016 at the Sarawak Heart Centre, Malaysia. Medical records of patients with primary and secondary exotropia were reviewed. The following factors that affected the surgical outcomes were collected: onset age of squint, age at the time of surgery, the interval between diagnosis and surgery, the type of exotropia, visual acuity, presence of amblyopia, previous patching, anisometropia, refractive error, type of surgery, preoperative and postoperative deviation, pre-existing ocular comorbidity and systemic illness.

RESULT: A total of 15 patients were studied with more than two thirds being females. Seven patients had primary exotropia while eight patients had secondary exotropia. Average interval between diagnosis and surgery was 1.3 years (±0.82) for primary exotropia and 1.2 years (±0.84) for secondary exotropia. Average pre-operative angle for primary exotropia was 50.57PD (±10.83) whereas secondary exotropia was 39.38PD (±8.63). Seven patients had successful surgical outcomes of within 10 prism dioptres, five for primary exotropia and two for secondary exotropia. The response to surgery was 3.0PD/mm (±0.59) for primary exotropia and 2.2PD/mm (±0.74) for secondary exotropia.

METHODS: This is a retrospective study on the treatment of type I ROP and aggressive ROP (A-ROP) using LPC or IVR in three Malaysian hospitals providing pediatric ophthalmology services from January 2019 to December 2021. Information on gestational age, birth weight, ROP zone and stage, and underlying comorbidities was collected. Parameters for evaluating treatment efficacy include the time taken to achieve complete regression, the regression rate, and the reactivation rate. The anatomical and refractive outcomes were evaluated at one year of adjusted age.

RESULTS: This study included 92 eyes from 46 infants. Of these, 42 eyes received LPC as the initial treatment, while 50 eyes underwent IVR. A higher percentage of infants with cardiovascular disease were treated with IVR (66.7%) compared to LPC (40%) (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in gestational age, birth weight, respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, or intraventricular hemorrhage between the two treatment groups (p>0.05). Infants treated with LPC had a higher regression rate than those treated with IVR, but they were also significantly more myopic and had worse best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Conversely, infants treated with IVR experienced a significantly higher reactivation rate compared to those treated with LPC. Logistic regression analysis showed no significant associations between gestational age, birth weight, plus disease, zone 1 ROP, and the choice of initial treatment with the reactivation of ROP.