METHODS: A web-based survey (REDCap) was distributed via emails, social networking sites, and professional groups from October 2020 to February 2021 to neonatal clinicians in 35 countries.

RESULTS: A total of 484 responses were obtained from 35 countries and categorized into low/middle-income (43%, LMIC) or high-income (57%, HIC) countries. Of the 484 respondents, 53% would provide TH in mild HIE on case-to-case basis and only 25% would never cool. Clinicians from LMIC were more likely to routinely offer TH in mild HIE (25% v HIC 16%, p < 0.05), have a unit protocol for providing TH (50% v HIC 26%, p < 0.05), use adjunctive tools, e.g., aEEG (49% v HIC 32%, p < 0.001), conduct an MRI post TH (48% v HIC 40%, p < 0.05) and less likely to use neurological examinations as a HIE severity grading tool (80% v HIC 95%, p < 0.001). The majority of respondents (91%) would support a randomized controlled trial that was sufficiently large to examine neurodevelopmental outcomes in mild HIE after TH.

METHODS: This phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at 66 centres across 11 countries and territories (ten in Asia-Pacific; one in the Middle East). The trial included patients aged 18 years and older with Dukes' C or high-risk Dukes' B colon cancer or Dukes' B or C rectal cancer who had undergone resection and had completed standard adjuvant therapy (at least 3 months of chemotherapy). Patients with contraindications to aspirin, familial syndromes of colorectal cancer, recent other cancers, and clinically significant history of cardiovascular disease or stroke were excluded. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to aspirin 200 mg daily or placebo for 3 years, and were followed up for 5 years. Randomisation was stratified by study centre, tumour site and stage, and inclusion of oxaliplatin in adjuvant chemotherapy. The patients, study team, and sponsor were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival. The primary analysis used a stratified Cox model in those commencing study treatment (modified intention-to-treat population), analysing all events to March 31, 2023. Safety was analysed in the same population. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00565708). The primary analysis has been completed, but translational studies of putative aspirin sensitivity biomarkers are ongoing.

FINDINGS: Between Feb 25, 2009, and June 30, 2021, 1587 patients underwent randomisation, of whom 1550 were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis: 791 (51%) in the aspirin group and 759 (49%) in the placebo group. Of these patients, the median age was 57 years (IQR 48-65); 897 (58%) were male and 653 (42%) female; 271 (17%) had Dukes' B colon cancer, 770 (50%) Dukes' C colon cancer, and 509 (33%) rectal cancer. Median follow-up at data cutoff was 59·2 months (IQR 36·7-60·0). 5-year disease-free survival was 77·0% (95% CI 73·6-80·0) in the aspirin group and 74·8% (71·3-77·9) in the placebo group (hazard ratio of 0·91 [95% CI 0·73-1·13]; p=0·38). Any-grade adverse events were reported in 390 (49%) of 791 patients in the aspirin group versus 386 (51%) of 759 in the placebo group. Serious adverse events were reported in 95 (12%) patients in the aspirin group versus 107 (14%) in the placebo group. There were no treatment-related deaths in either group. Among adverse events of special interest, there were no cases of acute myocardial infarction in the aspirin group versus two in the placebo group; no ischaemic cerebrovascular events in the aspirin group versus two in the placebo group; and three major gastrointestinal bleeds in the aspirin group versus one in the placebo group.

INTERPRETATION: In patients with colorectal cancer, aspirin 200 mg daily for 3 years after completion of standard adjuvant therapy was well tolerated but did not significantly improve disease-free survival.