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Phytoaccumulation of heavy metals and protein expression by different vegetables collected from various parts of Khyber Pukhtunkhawa Province, Pakistan

Jehan Bakht, Laleena Khan, Mohammad Shafi

Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:167-176.

The present study investigates heavy metal uptake and protein expression by different vegetables collected from various districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa province of Pakistan. Statistical analysis of the data showed that maximum concentration of Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn were found in radish and spinach, respectively, collected from Peshawar. Maximum Pb and Mg accumulation were found in cauliflower and pea at Swat followed by coriander at Haripur and minimum Pb uptake was noticed in radish taken from Nowshehra. Highest Cu uptake was detected in spinach at Nowshehra. Data regarding Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mg and Zn concentration in water samples gathered from different sites of KPK indicated that maximum concentration of Cd was observed in Swat. Maximum Cr and Cu concentration were measured in water samples from Peshawar while maximum concentration of Pb and Ni were detected in water samples from Haripur. In case of soil samples, maximum Cd, Cr, Mg and Zn uptake was observed in soil sample at Nowshehra. Maximum Pb and Ni concentration was found in soil samples collected from Peshawar. Cu concentration was observed to be the highest in soil at Swat. Protein profile of different vegetables i.e. cauliflower, radish, carrot, turnip, pea, spinach, coriander and garlic sampled across five different sites showed that uptake of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mg and Zn by these vegetables caused the expression of numerous polypeptides.
Factors associated with total cholesterol and blood glucose levels among Afghan people aged 18-69 years old: Evidence from a national survey

Azim G, Hamidi H, Azim MS, Rasoly B, Azim MH, Halimi SA, et al.

PLOS Glob Public Health, 2025;5(3):e0004079.
PMID: 40138652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0004079

The objective of this study was to determine the associated factors of total cholesterol (TC) and blood glucose (BG) levels in people aged 18-69 years old in Afghanistan. This was an analytical cross-sectional study using data from the National Survey of Non-Communicable Disease STEPs 2018 (NCD STEPS) in Afghanistan. The total sample size in the original study was 3,972 and a multi-stage cluster sampling method was used. Total cholesterol and blood glucose were the outcome variables for this study; simple and multiple linear regression was performed to find the associated factors for the outcome variables using a designed-based modeling incorporating sampling techniques and weights. The result of univariate linear regression analysis indicates that age, marital status, hypertension, and BMI are positively associated with TC and BG levels while education, salt intake, and any type of physical activity are negatively associated with TC and BG levels (p-values<0.05). Each year of age increases TC by 0.42 mg/dl and BG by 0.48 mg/dl; ever-married individuals have higher TC (21.8 mg/dl) and BG (8.8 mg/dl) levels; hypertension increases TC by 16.8 mg/dl and BG by 14.5 mg/dl; and higher BMI is associated with increased TC (1.3 mg/dl) and BG (0.9 mg/dl). Moreover, multivariate analysis using multiple linear regression indicates the same result; however, the results of marital status and gender are not significant with BG level and results of education levels, salt intake and any type of physical activity are not significant with TC levels. The finding of this study shows that total cholesterol and blood glucose increase in people of older age categories, married people, people with hypertension, overweight, and obesity; while decreases in people with higher education categories, people who always take salt, and people who do physical exercise.
A global survey on the use of the international classification of diseases codes for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

Zhang H, Targher G, Byrne CD, Kim SU, Wong VW, Valenti L, et al.

Hepatol Int, 2024 Aug;18(4):1178-1201.
PMID: 38878111 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-024-10702-5

BACKGROUND: With the implementation of the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and the publication of the metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) nomenclature in 2020, it is important to establish consensus for the coding of MAFLD in ICD-11. This will inform subsequent revisions of ICD-11.
METHODS: Using the Qualtrics XM and WJX platforms, questionnaires were sent online to MAFLD-ICD-11 coding collaborators, authors of papers, and relevant association members.
RESULTS: A total of 890 international experts in various fields from 61 countries responded to the survey. We also achieved full coverage of provincial-level administrative regions in China. 77.1% of respondents agreed that MAFLD should be represented in ICD-11 by updating NAFLD, with no significant regional differences (77.3% in Asia and 76.6% in non-Asia, p = 0.819). Over 80% of respondents agreed or somewhat agreed with the need to assign specific codes for progressive stages of MAFLD (i.e. steatohepatitis) (92.2%), MAFLD combined with comorbidities (84.1%), or MAFLD subtypes (i.e., lean, overweight/obese, and diabetic) (86.1%).
CONCLUSIONS: This global survey by a collaborative panel of clinical, coding, health management and policy experts, indicates agreement that MAFLD should be coded in ICD-11. The data serves as a foundation for corresponding adjustments in the ICD-11 revision.

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