This is a review of studies on various types of paper-based epoxy composites currently being designed and developed for technological use. The concept of designing composite materials is very significant for small to large industry and it is important where initiation of repairing work is now being considered for engineering applications. This composite material is of interest due to its advantages compared with others, including low environmental effects and low cost for a wide range of works. This review aims to provide an overview of morphological, physical and mechanical properties of various paper sheetsbased epoxy composites and details of achievements made. From this approach, this paper also presents the preliminary study of SEM results of paper sheets-based epoxy composites designed for repairing work applications. It has been found that a well-arranged laminated paper sheet layers could help the bond strength with epoxy matrix. Thus, this paper sheet-based epoxy composite can be considered as an easiest way, cheap and biodegradable that can be used for various small repairing works in structural and automotive applications.
As we know, drinking young coconut water and eating the tender meat give many benefit
to the body for its nutritious value rather than its taste; but do we realize that it requires a
dangerous tasks in processing it. The process of trimming requires skills which only can
be obtained by those who run the work daily. Thus, a portable apparatus which has the
capabilities of reducing the hazardous tasks and fasten the time consumed for processing
the young coconut fruit has been proposed and developed. The development of the product
begins with collecting and analyzing the data of 30 young coconut fruits. Then, it is followed
by designing the whole product at main and component level. The conceptual design is
done initially using freehand sketching technique. Next, the 3D solid modeling relies
totally on the CATIA V5R19 software. Finally, a complete details drawing is produced
using CAD software. In this work, the design focuses on the blade slicing and punch bit
head to reduce the hazardous tasks during processing of the young coconut. The blade is
designed to allow the slicing movement to be maneuvered during the husk removal process.
Meanwhile, the puncher has replaced the usage of chopper in creating an opening at the top
of the endocarp. Thus, the device developed will reduce the hazardous task by eliminating
the chopping process and replacing it with the slicing process. Therefore, the tendency to
get caught in accidental injury during the chopping process can be significantly reduced.
Titanium (Ti) and Ti-based alloys presence the most widely applied as advanced biomaterials
in biomedical implant applications. Moreover, these alloys are known to be the most
valuable metallic materials including spinal cord surgical treatment. It becomes an interest
due to its advantages compared to others, including its bio compatibility and corrosion
resistant. However, an issue arises when it comes for permanent implant application as
the alloy has a possible toxic effect produced from chemical reaction between body fluid
environments with alloys chemical compositions. It also relies on the performance of
neighbouring bone tissue to integrate with the implant surface. Abnormalities usually
happen when surrounding tissue shows poor responses and rejection of implants that would
leads to body inflammation. These cause an increase in foreign body reaction leading to
severe body tissue response and thus, loosening of the implant. Corrosion effects and
biocompatibility behaviour of implantation usage also become one of the reasons of
implant damage. Here, this paper reviews the importance of using Ti and Ti-based alloys
in biomedical implantation, especially in orthopaedic spinal cord injury. It also reviews the
basic aspects of corrosion effects that lead to implant mechanical damage, poor response
of body rejection and biocompatibility behaviour of implantation usage.