The present study investigated the concentration of metals in commonly grown vegetables (Luffa acutangula L., Zea mays L., Solanum melongena L.) irrigated with waste water in District Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The pH (5.80) and electrical conductivity (13 dS/m) of waste water indicated the acidic nature that is not suitable for irrigation purposes. Soil and vegetables samples were analyzed for metals concentration through flame atomic absorption spectrometry (Varian FAAS-240). The findings showed that waste water irrigated soil was highly contaminated with Cd (4.62 mg/kg) which was above permissible limits set by European Union Standard (EU 2006, 2002). The concentrations of heavy metals such as Cr and Cd in vegetables were higher than the permissible limits set by World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization U.S.A guidelines 2001. The health hazard quotient (HQ) of waste water irrigated vegetables was observed higher for Ni (0.699-0.1029 mg/kg), (0.0456-0.1040 mg/kg), (0.731-0.0994 mg/kg) in Luffa acutangula, Solanum melongena and Zea mays, respectively. The study concluded that the consumption of commonly grown vegetables in waste water zone of the study area may pose potential health threats in local population.
Designing of autonomous navigation is very complex and challenging. The main motive
of the proposed research was to construct an autonomous robot which has a
proficiency to move in unpredictable and dynamic environments, and for that reason
the robot has to sense the environment and lug out the required tasks irrespective of
any hindrances in its working area. Applications of autonomous mobile robots can
include espionage, underground mining, military operations, driverless transportation,
identification of intrusion and protect missions, etc. Several various approaches have
been critiqued to perform such operability of robot but results proved that the Fuzzy
logic found to be the best for this kind of robotics operations because it has the
capability to respond meritoriously to the complex inputs. To refrain and bypass the
obstacles accurately and to attain the destination under various contour of obstruction
in surroundings, a fuzzy logic approach has been studied and carried out to advance
the motion of robot vigorously with less false alarm rate using ‘If-Then’ basic principle
fuzzy inference norms and defuzzification procedure for the accurate and precise path
planning and navigation of autonomous robot. The unmanned robot was furnished
with sensors (ultrasonic HC-SR04) which has the aptitude to detect the scope of
hindrances on the premise of how close or far the impediment is. To achieve this a
solitary board PC was utilized, to be specific Raspberry-Pi 2 model b which takes the
inputs from the sensors and maintain a strategic distance from the snags set in their
way lastly proceeds onward. Results proved that our designed robot is a cost-effective
solution performed better than the other techniques.