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Fulltext Orthography-phonology consistency in English: Theory- and data-driven measures and their impact on auditory vs. visual word recognition

Lim A, O'Brien B, Onnis L

Behav Res Methods, 2024 Mar;56(3):1283-1313.
PMID: 37553536 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02094-5

Research on orthographic consistency in English words has selectively identified different sub-syllabic units in isolation (grapheme, onset, vowel, coda, rime), yet there is no comprehensive assessment of how these measures affect word identification when taken together. To study which aspects of consistency are more psychologically relevant, we investigated their independent and composite effects on human reading behavior using large-scale databases. Study 1 found effects on adults' naming responses of both feedforward consistency (orthography to phonology) and feedback consistency (phonology to orthography). Study 2 found feedback but no feedforward consistency effects on visual and auditory lexical decision tasks, with the best predictor being a composite measure of consistency across grapheme, rime, OVC, and word-initial letter-phoneme. In Study 3, we explicitly modeled the reading process with forward and backward flow in a bidirectionally connected neural network. The model captured latent dimensions of quasi-regular mapping that explain additional variance in human reading and spelling behavior, compared to the established measures. Together, the results suggest interactive activation between phonological and orthographic word representations. They also validate the role of computational analyses of language to better understand how print maps to sound, and what properties of natural language affect reading complexity.
Fulltext The effect of high-dose selenium on mortality and postoperative organ dysfunction in post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock patients supported with mechanical circulatory support - A post-hoc analysis of the SUSTAIN CSX trial

Ott S, Dresen E, Lee ZY, Müller-Wirtz LM, Procopiuc L, Ekrami E, et al.

J Crit Care, 2024 Oct;83:154853.
PMID: 38955117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2024.154853

PURPOSE: Cardiac surgery, post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCCS), and temporary mechanical circulatory support (tMCS) provoke substantial inflammation. We therefore investigated whether a selenium-based, anti-inflammatory strategy would benefit PCCS patients treated with tMCS in a post-hoc analysis of the sustain CSX trial.
METHODS: Post-hoc analysis of patients receiving tMCS for PCCS in the Sustain CSX trial, which investigated the effects of high-dose selenium on postoperative organ dysfunction in cardiac surgery patients.
PRIMARY OUTCOME: duration of tMCS therapy.
SECONDARY OUTCOMES: postoperative organ dysfunction and 30-day mortality.
RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients were treated with tMCS for PCCS. There was no difference in the median duration of tMCS between the selenium and the placebo group (3 days [IQR: 1-6] vs. 2 days [IQR: 1-7], p = 0.52). Median dialysis duration was longer in the selenium group (1.5 days [0-21.8] vs. 0 days [0-1.8], p = 0.048). There was no difference in 30-day mortality (53% vs. 41%, OR 1.44, 95% CI 0.32-6.47, p = 0.62).
CONCLUSION: In this explorative study, a perioperative high-dose selenium-supplementation did not show beneficial effects on organ dysfunctions and mortality rates in patients with PCCS receiving tMCS.
Fulltext The effect of a selenium-based anti-inflammatory strategy on postoperative functional recovery in high-risk cardiac surgery patients - A nested sub-study of the sustain CSX trial

Ott S, Lee ZY, Müller-Wirtz LM, Cangut B, Roessler J, Patterson W, et al.

Life Sci, 2024 Aug 15;351:122841.
PMID: 38897349 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122841

AIM: The cardiac surgery-related ischemia-reperfusion-related oxidative stress triggers the release of cytotoxic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, contributing to organ failure and ultimately influencing patients' short- and long-term outcomes. Selenium is an essential co-factor for various antioxidant enzymes, thereby contributing to the patients' endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defense mechanisms. Given these selenium's pleiotropic functions, we investigated the effect of a high-dose selenium-based anti-inflammatory perioperative strategy on functional recovery after cardiac surgery.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study constituted a nested sub-study of the SUSTAIN CSX trial, a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial to investigate the impact of high-dose selenium supplementation on high-risk cardiac surgery patients' postoperative recovery. Functional recovery was assessed by 6-min walk distance, Short Form-36 (SF-36) and Barthel Index questionnaires.
KEY FINDINGS: 174 patients were included in this sub-study. The mean age (SD) was 67.3 (8.9) years, and 78.7 % of the patients were male. The mean (SD) predicted 30-day mortality by the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II score was 12.6 % (9.4 %). There was no difference at hospital discharge and after three months in the 6-min walk distance between the selenium and placebo groups (131 m [IQR: not performed - 269] vs. 160 m [IQR: not performed - 252], p = 0.80 and 400 m [IQR: 299-461] vs. 375 m [IQR: 65-441], p = 0.48). The SF-36 and Barthel Index assessments also revealed no clinically meaningful differences between the selenium and placebo groups.
SIGNIFICANCE: A perioperative anti-inflammatory strategy with high-dose selenium supplementation did not improve functional recovery in high-risk cardiac surgery patients.
Current practices in nutrition therapy in cardiac surgery patients: An international multicenter observational study

Stoppe C, Dresen E, Wendt S, Elke G, Patel JJ, McKeever L, et al.

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2023 Jul;47(5):604-613.
PMID: 36912124 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2495

BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery patients with a prolonged stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) are at high risk for acquired malnutrition. Medical nutrition therapy practices for cardiac surgery patients are unknown. The objective of this study is to describe the current nutrition practices in critically ill cardiac surgery patients worldwide.
METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study in 13 international ICUs involving mechanically ventilated cardiac surgery patients with an ICU stay of at least 72 h. Collected data included the energy and protein prescription, type of and time to the initiation of nutrition, and actual quantity of energy and protein delivered (maximum: 12 days).
RESULTS: Among 237 enrolled patients, enteral nutrition (EN) was started, on average, 45 h after ICU admission (range, 0-277 h; site average, 53 [range, 10-79 h]). EN was prescribed for 187 (79%) patients and combined EN and parenteral nutrition in 33 (14%). Overall, patients received 44.2% (0.0%-117.2%) of the prescribed energy and 39.7% (0.0%-122.8%) of the prescribed protein. At a site level, the average nutrition adequacy was 47.5% (30.5%-78.6%) for energy and 43.6% (21.7%-76.6%) for protein received from all nutrition sources.
CONCLUSION: Critically ill cardiac surgery patients with prolonged ICU stay experience significant delays in starting EN and receive low levels of energy and protein. There exists tremendous variability in site performance, whereas achieving optimal nutrition performance is doable.