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  1. Fulltext Medication errors in intravenous drug preparation and administration
    Ong WM, Subasyini S
    Med J Malaysia, 2013;68(1):52-7.
    PMID: 23466768 MyJurnal
    Medications given via the intravenous (IV) route provide rapid drug delivery to the body. IV therapy is a complex process requiring proper drug preparation before administration to the patients. Therefore, errors occurring at any stage can cause harmful clinical outcomes to the patients, which may lead to morbidity and mortality. This was a prospective observational study with the objectives to determine whether medication errors occur in IV drug preparation and administration in Selayang Hospital, determining the associated factors and identifying the strategies in reducing these medication errors. 341 (97.7%) errors were identified during observation of total 349 IV drug preparations and administrations. The most common errors include the vial tap not swabbed during prepreparation and injecting bolus doses faster than the recommended administration rate. There was one incident of wrong drug attempted. Errors were significantly more likely to occur during administration time at 8.00am and when bolus drugs were given. Errors could be reduced by having proper guidelines on IV procedures, more common use of IV infusion control devices and by giving full concentration during the process. Awareness among the staff nurses and training needs should be addressed to reduce the rate of medication errors. Standard IV procedures should be abided and this needs the cooperation and active roles from all healthcare professionals as well as the staff nurses.
    Study site: Hospital Selayang, Kuala Lumpur
  2. Fulltext Barriers and facilitators to self-monitoring of blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes using insulin: a qualitative study
    Ong WM, Chua SS, Ng CJ
    Patient Prefer Adherence, 2014;8:237-46.
    PMID: 24627628 DOI: 10.2147/PPA.S57567
    BACKGROUND: Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) helps to improve glycemic control and empowerment of people with diabetes. It is particularly useful for people with diabetes who are using insulin as it facilitates insulin titration and detection of hypoglycemia. Despite this, the uptake of SMBG remains low in many countries, including Malaysia.

    PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators to SMBG, in people with type 2 diabetes using insulin.

    PATIENTS AND METHODS: Qualitative methodology was employed to explore participants' experience with SMBG. Semistructured, individual in-depth interviews were conducted on people with type 2 diabetes using insulin who had practiced SMBG, in the primary care clinic of a teaching hospital in Malaysia. Participants were purposively sampled from different age groups, ethnicity, education level, and level of glycemic control (as reflected by the glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]), to achieve maximum variation in sampling. All interviews were conducted using a topic guide and were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, checked, and analyzed using a thematic approach.

    RESULTS: A total of 15 participants were interviewed, and thematic saturation was reached. The factors that influenced SMBG were mainly related to cost, participants' emotion, and the SMBG process. The barriers identified included: frustration related to high blood glucose reading; perception that SMBG was only for insulin titration; stigma; fear of needles and pain; cost of test strips and needles; inconvenience; unconducive workplace; and lack of motivation, knowledge, and self-efficacy. The facilitators were: experiencing hypoglycemic symptoms; desire to see the effects of dietary changes; desire to please the physician; and family motivation.

    CONCLUSION: Participants' perceptions of the purpose of SMBG, the emotions associated with SMBG, and the complexity, pain, and cost related to SMBG as well as personal and family motivation are the key factors that health care providers must consider when advising people with diabetes on SMBG.

  3. Fulltext Utilization of beta blockers post-myocardial infarction
    Ong WM, Che Zuraini S, Wan Azman WA, Rajasuriar R
    Med J Malaysia, 2013;68(1):58-63.
    PMID: 23466769 MyJurnal
    Beta blockers provide both morbidity and mortality benefits for post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients. Despite this, beta blockers are still often underused or used at suboptimal dosages. This was a retrospective observational study with the objectives of estimating the proportion of post-MI patients who are receiving beta-blocker therapy in University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), assessing the number of them receiving beta blockers at optimal dosages and determining the factors associated with beta-blocker prescribing post-MI. Of 315 patient case notes reviewed, 77.5% were prescribed beta blockers. However, dosages were optimized in only 39.3% of patients. Reasons for not optimizing the dosages were typically not due to the presence of contraindications to beta blockers. Elderly (> 65 years old), ejection fraction (EF) < 40%, a history of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or mild asthma, use of calcium channel blocker (CCB), digoxin or anti-asthmatic agents were all significantly associated with a reduced rate of beta-blocker prescribing post-MI. More effort should be placed in improving its use in specific patient populations. Initiatives to optimize the dosage of beta blockers to recommended dosages that matched those in clinical trials with proven mortality benefits will also need to be intensified.
    Study site: University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur
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