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  1. Cellular and DNA Toxicity Study of Triphenyltin Ethyl Phenyl Dithiocarbamate and Triphenyltin Butyl Phenyl Dithiocarbamate on K562, Leukemia Cell Line
    Hamid A, Rajab NF, Charmagne Y, Awang N, Jufri NF, Rasli NR
    Anticancer Agents Med Chem, 2024;24(1):58-65.
    PMID: 37921147 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206266851231025054446
    INTRODUCTION: Continuous research for new effective drugs to treat cancer has improved our understanding on the mechanism of action of these drugs and paved new potential for their application in cancer treatments. In this study, organotin compounds known as triphenyltin ethyl phenyl dithiocarbamate and triphenyltin butyl phenyl dithiocarbamate were investigated for their toxicity on leukemia cell line (K562) and non-cancerous cell line (Chang liver cell and lung fibroblast, V79 cell).

    METHODS: MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of both compounds toward the cells after 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure or treatment. The alkaline comet assay was conducted to determine the DNA damage on K562 cells after been exposed to both compounds for 30, 60 and 90 minutes.

    RESULTS: The IC50 values obtained from K562 cells ranged from 0.01 to 0.30 μM, whereas for both Chang liver cell and lung fibroblast V79 cell, the values ranged from 0.10 to 0.40 μM. For genotoxicity evaluation, the percentage of damaged DNA is measured as an average of tail moment, and was found to be within 1.20 to 2.20 A.U while the percentage of DNA intensity ranging from 1.50 to 3.50% indicating no genotoxic effects.

    CONCLUSION: Both compounds are cytotoxic toward leukemia cells and non-cancerous cells but do not exert their genotoxic effects towards leukemia cell.

  2. Fulltext Evaluation of organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate compounds as potential anti-leukemia agents towards CCRF-CEM (CCL-119) cell line: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, cell cycle and genotoxic study
    Abdul Razak NH, Rasli NR, Mohamad Zamri N, Hamid A, Awang N, Kamaludin NF
    PLoS One, 2025;20(8):e0329860.
    PMID: 40788934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0329860
    Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a common cancer affecting children worldwide, and current treatment has adverse effects such as neurotoxicity. To overcome this problem, new organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate compounds were synthesized. In this study, the T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (CCL-119) was tested against seven new compounds: diphenyltin (IV) diisopropyl dithiocarbamate (ODTC 1), diphenyltin (IV) diallyl dithiocarbamate (ODTC 2), triphenyltin (IV) diisopropyl dithiocarbamate (ODTC 3), triphenyltin (IV) diallyl dithiocarbamate (ODTC 4), triphenyltin (IV) diethyl dithiocarbamate (ODTC 5), dimethyltin (IV) diisopropyl dithiocarbamate (ODTC 6) and dimethyltin (IV) diethyl dithiocarbamate (ODTC 7) hereafter referred to as ODTC 1-7, to identify their cytotoxic effects (MTT assay), mode of cell death (Annexin V FITC/PI staining) and effects on the cell cycle (RNase/PI staining) as well as genotoxic effects (alkaline comet assay). Results obtained after 24 hours of exposure showed that all organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate compounds (ODTC 1-7) exhibited potent cytotoxicity, with median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 0.18 µM to 3.10 µM. The selectivity index showed that diphenyltin (IV) and triphenyltin (IV) dithiocarbamate compounds are more selective towards CCL-119 cells. All ODTC compounds induced apoptosis in CCL-119 cells, and each compound caused cell cycle arrest at specific phases, indicating diverse mechanisms of action. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were confirmed by flow cytometry. Treatment of the compounds caused significant (p 
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