Introduction: Leadership is hard to define, but it’s easy to recognize. Leaders know that to lead they must keep up their leadership skills. Effective leadership skills required from nurse managers which include the ability to create an organization culture that combines high-quality health care and patient/employee safety with highly developed collaborative and team-building skills. This paper presents the preliminary study of the development of the assess- ment leadership tool emphasising on the process of validation and implementation of necessary steps in tool devel- opment. Methods: Questionnaires on leadership style was adopted from Northouse (2014) and working motivation from Purohit et al., (2016). Modification for leadership styles from 35 modified into 48 question and tool on nurses’ motivation from 19 items modified into 28 items. Developed questionnaires were finalized with literature guidance and two content experts. A pre- test was done with 30 respondents for each set of questionnaires. Results: Preliminary development of tool Reliability test result shown that for leadership styles questionnaires which are consisted of 48 items is (α = 0 .77) and working motivation consisted of 28 items is (α = 0.70).Minor modification needed after the lit- erature searching and analysis of pre-test stage, the discussion with expert person after they go through the question- naires also suggested some additional info are needed. After doing validation process the questionnaires are more stable and valid to use for the author target group. Conclusion: These leadership styles assessments are beneficial to guide nurse managers to use suitable styles to manage their nursing staffs. Assessment on working motivation among nurses is also recommended to overcome the issues on working retention among them. In future further investigation regarding which appropriate leadership style need to be explored and the level of working motivation among nursing staff should be monitored regularly.
The present study is to determine the level of depression, anxiety and stress among Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) clinical year medical students and their help seeking behaviour in relation to their psychological aspect. A cross-sectional study was conducted in UKM Medical Centre for three months duration. The study population was the third, fourth and fifth year medical students via proportional sampling. They were given questionnaires consisting of socio-demographic items, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 – Bahasa Malaysia version BM-DASS21 and questions regarding help-seeking behaviors. Psychometric assessment (BMDASS21) estimated the level of depression, anxiety and stress among medical students. Help-seeking behavior questions assessed the use of medical facilities and other help-seeking sources. Regarding questions on the barriers towards seeking help from the primary health-care, three parts were evaluated: structural barriers, barriers towards perceptions on mental-health disorder and barriers towards use of primary health-care services. There were 380 medical students who were involved in this research. It was found that some students experienced depression (1.3%), anxiety (2.4%) and stress (2.4%). Majority of them preferred to seek help from friends (283; 74.5%) followed by parents (275; 72.4%). There was a significant association between students who were anxious and help seeking behaviour from formal sources: counselor (p=0.001) and religious personnel (p=0.03). Hence, it is essential to increase their awareness on psychological disorders and more efficient screening programme should be used to recognize medical students with possible emotional disorders.