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Evidence-based hormonal, mutational, and endocrine-disrupting chemical-induced zebrafish as an alternative model to study PCOS condition similar to mammalian PCOS model

Sudhakaran G, Guru A, Hari Deva Muthu B, Murugan R, Arshad A, Arockiaraj J

Life Sci, 2022 Jan 03;291:120276.
PMID: 34990650 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120276

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) causes swollen ovaries in women at reproductive age due to hormonal disorder with small cysts on the outer edges. The cause of the disorder is still yet to be found. Multiple factors have increased PCOS prevalence, hyperandrogenism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Various animal PCOS models have been developed to imitate the pathophysiology of PCOS in humans. Zebrafish is one of the most versatile animal experimental models because of the transparency of the embryos, small size, and rapid growth. The zebrafish similarity to higher vertebrates made it a useful non-mammalian model for PCOS drug testing and screening. This review provides an insight into the usage of zebrafish, a non-mammalian model for PCOS, as an opportunity for evaluating future initiatives in such a research domain.
Host-Parasite Interactions and Integrated Management Strategies for Ecytonucleospora Hepatopenaei Infection in Shrimp

Haridevamuthu B, Sudhakaran G, Rajagopal R, Alfarhan A, Arshad A, Arockiaraj J

Acta Parasitol, 2025 Mar 06;70(2):67.
PMID: 40050501 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-025-01007-0

BACKGROUND: Ecytonucleospora hepatopenaei (EHP) is a major parasitic pathogen in shrimp causing hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis, which leads to significant growth retardation and global economic losses. This pathogen employs various immune evasion strategies that complicate treatment and management.
PURPOSE: This review examines the complex host-parasite interactions, focusing on the immune evasion mechanisms used by EHP. The study explores how EHP manipulates host immune pathways, including NF-κB, JAK/STAT, Toll, and IMD, to suppress immune responses, inhibit antimicrobial peptide production, and avoid detection, thus ensuring its persistence in the host.
METHODS: The authors reviewed recent research from databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, including studies up to 2024. The keywords Ecytonucleospora hepatopenaei, immune evasion, EHP treatment, and associated words with topics were used in this search.
RESULTS: EHP induces oxidative stress, which weakens the host immune system while simultaneously upregulating antioxidant responses to favor its survival. The parasite also alters the gut microbiota and disrupts key cellular processes, such as cell cycle regulation, further enhancing its ability to sustain infection.
CONCLUSION: This review highlights the need for integrated management strategies, including disease-resistant breeding, microbiota modulation, and advanced diagnostics, to combat EHP. By providing an overview of EHP's immune evasion tactics, this study aims to advance knowledge in the field and support efforts to improve shrimp health and aquaculture sustainability.
Fulltext Ophthalmic Intervention of Naringenin Decreases Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by Counteracting Oxidative Stress and Cellular Damage in In Vivo Zebrafish

Sudhakaran G, Chandran A, Sreekutty AR, Madesh S, Pachaiappan R, Almutairi BO, et al.

Molecules, 2023 Jul 12;28(14).
PMID: 37513223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145350

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease that leads to microvascular complications like Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major cause of blindness worldwide. Current medications for DR are expensive and report multiple side effects; therefore, an alternative medication that alleviates the disease condition is required. An interventional approach targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) remains a treatment strategy for DR. Anti-VEGF medicines are being investigated as the main therapy for managing vision-threatening complications of DR, such as diabetic macular oedema. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of flavonoid naringenin (NG) from citrus fruits on inhibiting early DR in zebrafish. When exposed to 130 mM glucose, the zebrafish larvae developed a hyperglycaemic condition accompanied by oxidative stress, cellular damage, and lipid peroxidation. Similarly, when adult zebrafish were exposed to 4% Glucose, high glucose levels were observed in the ocular region and massive destruction in the retinal membrane. High glucose upregulated the expression of VEGF. In comparison, the co-exposure to NG inhibited oxidative stress and cellular damage and restored the glutathione levels in the ocular region of the zebrafish larvae. NG regressed the glucose levels and cellular damage along with an inhibition of macular degeneration in the retina of adult zebrafish and normalized the overexpression of VEGF as a promising strategy for treating DR. Therefore, intervention of NG could alleviate the domestication of alternative medicine in ophthalmic research.

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