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Deviation of dental implants placed using a novel 3D-printed surgical guide: An in vitro study

Etajuri EA, Suliman E, Mahmood WAA, Ibrahim N, Buzayan M, Mohd NR

Dent Med Probl, 2021 1 16;57(4):359-362.
PMID: 33448161 DOI: 10.17219/dmp/123976

BACKGROUND: There is very little literature available on the reliability of the rapid prototyping technology in the production of three-dimension (3D)-printed surgical guides for accurate implant placement.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the deviation of implant placement performed with a surgical guide fabricated by means of the rapid prototyping technique (the PolyJet™ technology).
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty sheep mandibles were used in the study. Pre-surgical cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were acquired for the mandibles by using the Kodak 9000 3D cone-beam system. Two implants with dimensions of 4 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length were virtually planned on the 3D models of each mandible by using the Mimics software, v. 16.0. Twenty surgical guides were designed and printed using the PolyJet technology. A total of 40 implants were placed using the surgical guides, 1 on each side of the mandible (2 implants per mandible). The post-surgical CBCT scans of the mandibles were performed and superimposed on the pre-surgical CBCT scans. The amount of deviation between the virtually planned placement and the actual implant placement was measured, and a descriptive analysis was done.
RESULTS: The results showed that the mean deviation at the implant coronal position was 1.82 ±0.74 mm, the mean deviation at the implant apex was 1.54 ±0.88 mm, the mean depth deviation was 0.44 ±0.32 mm, and the mean angular deviation was 3.01 ±1.98°.
CONCLUSIONS: The deviation of dental implant placement performed with a 3D-printed surgical guide (the PolyJet technology) is within the acceptable 2-millimeter limit reported in the literature.
Response Surface Methodology Modelling of an Aqueous Two-Phase System for Purification of Protease from Penicillium candidum (PCA 1/TT031) under Solid State Fermentation and Its Biochemical Characterization

Alhelli AM, Abdul Manap MY, Mohammed AS, Mirhosseini H, Suliman E, Shad Z, et al.

Int J Mol Sci, 2016 Nov 11;17(11).
PMID: 27845736

Penicillium candidum (PCA 1/TT031) synthesizes different types of extracellular proteases. The objective of this study is to optimize polyethylene glycol (PEG)/citrate based on an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to purify protease from Penicillium candidum (PCA 1/TT031). The effects of different PEG molecular weights (1500-10,000 g/mol), PEG concentration (9%-20%), concentrations of NaCl (0%-10%) and the citrate buffer (8%-16%) on protease were also studied. The best protease purification could be achieved under the conditions of 9.0% (w/w) PEG 8000, 5.2% NaCl, and 15.9% sodium citrate concentration, which resulted in a one-sided protease partitioning for the bottom phase with a partition coefficient of 0.2, a 6.8-fold protease purification factor, and a yield of 93%. The response surface models displayed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) response which was fit for the variables that were studied as well as a high coefficient of determination (R²). Similarly, the predicted and observed values displayed no significant (p > 0.05) differences. In addition, our enzyme characterization study revealed that Penicillium candidum (PCA 1/TT031) produced a slight neutral protease with a molecular weight between 100 and 140 kDa. The optimal activity of the purified enzyme occurred at a pH of 6.0 and at a temperature of 50 °C. The stability between different pH and temperature ranges along with the effect of chemical metal ions and inhibitors were also studied. Our results reveal that the purified enzyme could be used in the dairy industry such as in accelerated cheese ripening.
Use of response surface methodology for partitioning, one-step purification of alkaline extracellular lipase from Penicillium candidum (PCA 1/TT031)

Alhelli AM, Abdul Manap MY, Mohammed AS, Mirhosseini H, Suliman E, Shad Z, et al.

J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2016 Dec 15;1039:66-73.
PMID: 27836491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.037

This report shows the partitioning and purification of alkaline extracellular lipase from Penicillium candidum (PCA 1/TT031) by solid-state fermentation (SSF). In the present analysis, some of the important parameters such as PEG concentration, PEG molecular mass, salt concentration and buffer concentration were optimised through the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) environment consisted of 13.8% (w/w) phosphate buffer, 9.2% (w/w) PEG-3000 and 3.3% (w/w) NaCl at 25°C. The RSM approach was proved to be the most suitable methodology for the recovery of desired enzymes. In this method, the enzyme partitioned into the top phase of the PEG-buffer-NaCl ATPS. Under this experimental environment, the purification factor was found to be 33.9, the partition coefficient was 4.0 and the yield was found to be 84.0% of lipase. Moreover, the experimental and predicted results were in considerable agreement, which established the reliability and validity of the proposed model. The ATPS methodology is proven to be effective for the primary recovery of lipase at a low cost with a large loading capacity and possibility of linear scale up. In addition to using the existing methodologies for improving enzyme production, the use of statistical optimisation of the constituents of phases through RSM continues to be the basic and practical method.

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