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  1. Comparison of the efficacy between oral rinse, oral gargle, and oral spray
    Teh CSL, Raman R
    J Prim Care Community Health, 2012 Apr 1;3(2):80-2.
    PMID: 23803449 DOI: 10.1177/2150131911417185
    INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Patients with sore throats are often treated with oral gargles or oral sprays. Some may rinse instead of gargle, leading to unsatisfactory outcome. The authors studied the efficacy of oral rinses, gargles, and sprays and the effect of Friedman palate position on the outcome.
    METHODS: Ten subjects used specially prepared solutions to rinse, gargle, and then spray their oral cavities at 2-hour intervals. The blue dye indicated the areas stained by the solution, which were scored.
    RESULTS: Although there was no difference in reaching the oropharynx between the gargles and sprays, they were both better than were the oral rinses (P < .001). The difference in Friedman palate position did not have an effect on the efficacy of the different modalities.
    CONCLUSION: Oral gargles and sprays have been shown to be significantly better than are oral rinses if the oropharynx is the targeted site, and the size of the oral airway does not impede their efficacy.
    KEYWORDS: Friedman palate position; drug administration; oropharynx
  2. Fulltext Validity and Reliability of the Malay Questionnaire for Olfactory Disorders
    Gima E, Teh CSL, Nik Hassan NFH, Yaacob NM, Md Shukri N
    Malays J Med Sci, 2023 Dec;30(6):156-166.
    PMID: 38239243 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.6.15
    BACKGROUND: Olfactory disorders (OD) are an umbrella term for a diverse group of smell problems. Numerous tests and questionnaires have been formulated to identify and test the severity of smell impairment, which is not readily available or translated for the Malaysian population. This study aimed to translate the Questionnaire for Olfactory Disorders (QOD) and validate and test the reliability of the Malay Questionnaire for Olfactory Disorders (mQOD).

    METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two tertiary centres. A forward and backward translation was conducted for the QOD. The translated questionnaire was distributed to subjects with self-reported smell disorders on days 1 and 7. Internal consistency was analysed using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability was tested with an intraclass correlation coefficient. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test construct validity.

    RESULTS: A total of 375 participants were recruited, 52 dropped out and 323 completed the questionnaire a second time. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.537 for parosmia (P), 0.892 for life quality (LQ), 0.637 for sincerity (S) and 0.865 for visual analogue score (VAS). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for domain scores was > 0.9, while the ICC for all items was good to excellent. A three-factor model for mQOD showed an acceptable fit with indices chi-square value (CMIN)/degree of freedom (DF) = 3.332, Tucker-Lewis fit index (TLI) = 0.923, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.939, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.079 and standardised root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.0574.

    CONCLUSION: The mQOD is a valid and reliable tool for assessing OD in patients.

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