This research aims to evaluate the effects of different cognitive training using imagery, general cognitive (CG) and specific cognitive (CS) (Paivio, 1985) to the achievement of service by the tekong in sepak takraw. The effects of imagery training with physical training towards achievement, imagery ability and exercise heart rate were also collected. The subjects consisted of 24 elite players sepak takraw (tekong) school level player that involved in Tunas Cemerlang program, aged 13 to 17 years old (M = 14.66, SD = 1.40). The subjects were divided into three groups, the test (CG & CS) and control (C) group with an exercise program to different imagery and physical training for eight weeks. Pre-test was conducted by testing the service performance appraisal based on the results of 25 landings repeated as in training, Miq-R questionnaire (Hall & Martin, 1997) and pulse rate immediately prior to the exercise of a service. ITP imagery training program adapted from Morris et at. (2005) was conducted using different imagery scripts for CG and CS groups and post-test was conducted at the end of the program. Independent samples t-test showed no significant difference when comparing the two test groups. Paired t-test and one-way ANOVA analysis showed that CG group significantly improved performance while not among C group. Analysis Miq-R and the average training heart rate is not significant for all subjects. The study has found that the imagery of CG and CS are not differed in terms of the effectiveness in improving achievement but both are suggested to be conducted in the training program to improve the service by the tekong.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of portable devices (Mp4) in delivering imagery based on video modelling (expert model) among 30 female netball players, examining their personal experience. In the pre-test-intervention-post-test study design, 15 participants were randomly assigned into each of the Mp4 (initial and repeated instructions). Participants practised the imagery for seven days and were interviewed at post-test. In interviews most of the participants in the Mp4 conditions reported that their confidence for shooting increased. They considered the Mp4 to be a useful device to practice imagery at any time and place, but imagery training routines varied among participants and were influenced by their personal life and free time activities. The results of this study signified that the Mp4 has the potential to be a reliable tool to deliver imagery training based on video modelling among netballers.
This study is to look at the impact of imagery training programs on performance in rugby. The study assessed the impact of physical training and audio imagery on conversion kick performance over four weeks with intervening frequency of three sessions per week. Participants involved consisted of thirty members from a school rugby club. The Sport Imagery Ability Measure (SIAM) questionnaire which has been converted into Bahasa Malaysia is used as a screen to measure participant’s imagery abilities. This research is been conducted by developing interventions on audio imagery conducted with physical training based on the Imagery Training Program (ITP). The experimental method used involves a control group and a group of treatment that underwent pre-test, intervention and post-test. The findings showed no significant different between the two groups involved. Discussions, limitations and future studies were discussed in the last section.
Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education 5(2): 61-73, 2016 – Participation in
adventure recreation is increasing in popularity in recent years. However, out of the 13
million people who participated in outdoor recreation activities globally, 12 million are no
longer participated in these activities due to low satisfaction of the acitivity, which includes
the implementation of activities, environment and facilities provided (Outdoor Industry
Foundation, 2013). This study aims to understand the patterns of participation, specifically in
whitewater rafting activity by identifying the motivation factor and the satisfaction level of
participants. It also examines the relationship between motivation and satisfaction in
whitewater rafting activity. Recreation Experience Preferences Scale (REP) was used to
identify the motivation factors, while Leisure Satisfaction Scale was employed to assess the
level of satisfaction in whitewater rafting activity. The respondents consisted of 404 people
who participated in whitewater rafting in Kampar River, Perak. Mean, standard deviation and
Pearson Correlation were used to answer the research questions. Results showed that
elements of nature, excitement and sociability as the main motivation in the activities of
whitewater rafting. Higher satisfaction levels were recorded in the aesthetic, psychological
and social. This study revealed that there is a positive relationship between participants‟
motivation and satisfaction in whitewater rafting activity. In conclusion, the motivation
factors that encourage participants to participate in whitewater rafting activity may not
necessarily be the same factors that contribute to participants‟ satisfaction. Therefore, the
operators of the activity and the related parties need to identify factors that contribute to
satisfaction of aesthetic, psychological and social in whitewater rafting activity to ensure
higher satisfaction in participation of this activity.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the Physical, Environment, Task, Timing, Learning, Emotion and Perspective (PETTLEP) and traditional imagery interventions on netball players shooting accuracy. In this study, 48 netball players from Larut Matang and Selama district in Perak were invited to participate. They were tested on imagery ability and divided into three interventions groups consisting, the PETTLEP audio imagery, the PETTLEP audio video imagery and the traditional written imagery script. The participants in the PETTLEP audio and audio video interventions imagery employed the interventions at the netball court. Conversely, the participants in the traditional written imagery scrip group employed the interventions at their own houses. All participants conducted their imagery training based on the imagery training schedule that was provided to them. The imagery training duration was around 30 minutes and scheduled for three times per week for four weeks. The pre-test intervention and post-test study design were employed in this study. The paired t-test results indicated that there were significant differences on the pre and post test data for netball shooting accuracy for both participants in PETTLEP groups, however there was no significant differences were found in the traditional written imagery script group. Furthermore, the One Way ANOVA results indicated that there were significant differences on the data of post-test among both PETTLEP groups compared to the traditional groups. However, there were no significant differences found between PETTLEP groups. The findings showed that the participants in the PETTLEP imagery interventions showed better accuracy netball shooting compared to the participants in the traditional intervention group, however both audio and combination audio and video PETLLEP interventions enhanced similar netball shooting performances. In conclusion, from this study the PETTLEP imagery model was found to improve players’ performance, especially when it was combined with audio imagery and video modelling.
Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education 6(1): 1-10, 2017 – The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of instructional and motivational self-talk combine with imagery and video-modelling interventions on anaerobic performance, heart rate response and self-efficacy. Forty-five active male participants were recruited in this study as they passed the screening test of Sport Imagery Ability Measure (SIAM) and scored between moderate and high. All the participants were randomly assigned into 3 groups, namely instructional group (n=15), motivational group (n=15) and control group (n=15). Participants in the instructional and motivational groups performed 12 sessions of intervention within 4 weeks. Participant in control group did not receive any specific treatment or intervention. All participants performed 30 seconds anaerobic Wingate test during the pre-test and post-test. During this test the participants’ peak power, total work, fatigue index, maximum heart rate, average heart rate and self-efficacy were measured. Participants in the instructional and motivational groups answered a social validation questions within one week after the post-test. The data obtained was analyzed using a mixed-design ANOVA. The results indicated that there was a significant difference (p
Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education 6(2): 10-27, 2017 – The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of audio imagery and video modeling on performance in rugby sports. The single case multiple baseline across participant (ABA) method are used to evaluate the participants’ performance. It assesses the impact of physical training, audio imagery and video modeling on the passing and tackling performance (open loop) for 13 tournaments. Four participants under 14 years old, representing schools in various rugby competitions were selected as participants. The frequency of intervention is three sessions per week. The Sport Imagery Ability Measure (SIAM) questionnaire which has been translated into Bahasa Malaysia is used as a screen to see participants imagery abilities. Research is conducted by creating interventions on audio and video imagery of expert models conducted with physical training based on the Imagery Training Program (ITP). Real-time recording methods and notational videos are used to assess participants' performance. The contest video rating was evaluated by two experts and analyzed separately. The findings showed that there was stable performance for all participants in phase baseline (A). There was increase in performance for all participants in the intervention phase (B). Only one participant with 5 weeks intervention was able to maintain performance inwithdraw phase (A1) compared to other participants.