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  1. In vitro assessment of pathogenicity and virulence encoding gene profiles of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains associated with colibacillosis in chickens
    Ugwu IC, Lee-Ching L, Ugwu CC, Okoye JOA, Chah KF
    Iran J Vet Res, 2020;21(3):180-187.
    PMID: 33178295
    Background: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains have been associated with various disease conditions in avian species due to virulence attributes associated with the organism.

    Aims: This study was carried out to determine the in vitro pathogenic characteristics and virulence encoding genes found in E. coli strains associated with colibacillosis in chickens.

    Methods: Fifty-two stock cultures of E. coli strains isolated from chickens diagnosed of colibacillosis were tested for their ability to produce haemolysis on blood agar and take up Congo red dye. Molecular characterization was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of virulence encoding genes associated with APEC.

    Results: Eleven (22%) and 41 (71%) were positive for haemolysis on 5% sheep red blood agar and Congo red agar, respectively. Nine virulence-associated genes were detected as follows: FimH (96%), csgA (52%), iss (48%), iut (33%), tsh (21%), cva (15%), kpsII (10%), pap (2%), and felA (2%).

    Conclusion: The APEC strains exhibited virulence properties and harbored virulence encoding genes which could be a threat to the poultry population and public health. The putative virulence genes were diverse and different in almost all isolate implying that pathogenesis was multi-factorial and the infection was multi-faceted which could be a source of concern in the detection and control of APEC infections.

  2. Charting a course to men's health and wellbeing: applying a lens of power and politics to improve men's health outcomes
    Hawkes SJ, Katikireddi SV, Buse K, Theobald S, Catto JWF, Smith JA, et al.
    Lancet, 2026 Oct 31;408(10566):1899-1911.
    PMID: 42956775 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)01488-1
    Despite long-standing evidence of poor health and life expectancy outcomes among men, particularly among men who are socially or structurally marginalised, men's health has generally received little and uneven attention in health policy and practice. Its gendered and intersectional aspects have been especially overlooked. This third paper in the Lancet Men's Health Series examines why men's health has received so little policy attention and proposes strategies to raise men's health on national and global agendas. We applied a gender lens to the 3-i theory-based framework and analysed how ideas, interests, and institutions shape the prioritisation of men's health within national and global policy agendas. We review the modest development of men's health policies and assess how power and politics, including the roles of a range of stakeholders from global and national health spaces, commercial actors, and civil society organisations, have shaped the construction of the problem as well as policy attention and framing, resource allocation, and interventions. The scarcity of attention paid to men's health on global and national agendas reflects how power operates through ideas and institutions which contribute to the conflation of gender with women, institutional inertia, and contested constructions of individual versus structural drivers of ill health. We highlight how this has created a space in which commercial actors, including the manosphere, can shape narratives and influence men's health in ways that align with commercial or ideological interests. We conclude by proposing politically informed strategies that recognise how power, institutional arrangements, and competing interests shape men's health policy within prevailing gender and structural orders. We identify entry points for advancing men's health equity and wellbeing that draw on empirical evidence and technical guidance, are grounded in political realities, and are consistent with a commitment to gender justice for all people.
  3. Men's health: an intersectional and multilevel framework for understanding syndemic patterns of health
    Tolhurst R, Egid BR, Mavhu W, Catto JWF, Fouad F, Griffith DM, et al.
    Lancet, 2026 Oct 31;408(10566):1866-1880.
    PMID: 42956773 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)01489-3
    Men occupy a privileged position within gender power relations: the male body has been the default reference point for biomedical research and therapeutic development (with the historical exclusion of women from medical trials), and men dominate health services leadership and exercise well documented medical misogyny. Yet despite their privileged position, many aspects of men's health outcomes are neglected and undertheorised because they are not examined through an intersectional gender lens. Although consideration of gender and masculinity is important for understanding men's health, research thus far has focused predominantly on men's harmful health behaviours, overemphasising individual determinants of health, and a deficit-based approach. Little attention has been paid to the influence of structural determinants of men's health risks and vulnerabilities, or the gender-specific health outcomes of worsening social and economic inequalities. In this first paper of a Lancet Series on men's health, we present a conceptual framework for understanding men's health from an intersectional perspective, highlighting how structural, social, and commercial determinants of health, intersectionality, and syndemic theory can be combined to analyse men's health at different socioecological levels. We illustrate the framework using four selected case studies that show how the health outcomes of marginalised men are influenced by complex interactions. We provide a working definition of men's health that reflects existing literature and builds on the conceptual framework and case studies. Promotion of gender justice and health equity requires moving beyond one-dimensional approaches that construct men as problematic individuals, and towards better understanding and action on the broader set of power systems and structural determinants underpinning men's health.
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