Leukemia is a type of blood cancer where abnormal and immature leucocytes are produced in the bone marrow. Methadone hydrochloride is a man-made drug that is commonly used in the maintenance treatment for drug addiction. The objective of this research was to determine the cytotoxic activity and apoptotic effects of methadone hydrochloride treatment towards two leukemia cell lines which are CCRF-CEM and HL-60. CCRF-CEM and HL-60 cells were treated with methadone hydrochloride for 24 and 48 hours to determine the cytotoxic activity. IC50 at 24 hours obtained for CCRF-CEM was 121.6μmol/L while IC50 for HL-60 cells was 97.18μmol/L. Result obtained from DNA fragmentation assay showed no characteristic DNA ladder pattern in CCRF-CEM leukemia cells treated with methadone hydrochloride. Characteristics DNA ladder pattern was observed in methadone hydrochloride treated HL-60 cells. Formation of comets was seen in methadone hydrochloride treated CCRF-CEM and HL-60 cells with varying degree of DNA damage. The comets formed by methadone hydrochloride treated HL-60 cells were more prominent as compared to methadone-treated CCRF-CEM cells. The expression of apoptotic-related proteins in methadone-treated CCRF-CEM and HL-60 cells were checked by incubating the cell lysate with Raybio® Human Apoptosis Antibody Array. Significant alterations in expression level of apoptosis-related proteins in methadone hydrochloride treated CCRF-CEM cells were found involving upregulation of caspase-8 expression and downregulation of survivin expression. Methadone hydrochloride induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells involved upregulation of Bid and caspase-8 expression and downregulation of Bcl-2, p21 and survivin expression.
The maximum power delivered by a photovoltaic system is greatly influenced by atmospheric conditions such as irradiation and temperature and by surrounding objects like trees, raindrops, tall buildings, animal droppings, and clouds. The partial shading caused by these surrounding objects and the rapidly changing atmospheric parameters make maximum power point tracking (MPPT) challenging. This paper proposes a hybrid MPPT algorithm that combines the benefits of the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) and hill climbing (HC) techniques. As long as the rate of change of irradiance does not exceed a specific limit, the HC mode is applied to track the global maximum power point (GMPP). Once a high rate of change in irradiation is detected, the SSA mode is activated. Moreover, the proposed algorithm employs the concept of boundary conditions to handle fast and slow fluctuating irradiance patterns. A comprehensive comparative evaluation of the proposed hybrid SSA-HC with state-of-the-art MPPT algorithms has been undertaken. Four distinct cases have been examined, including irradiance conditions with varying rates of change and partial shading conditions. The proposed hybrid SSA-HC algorithm has been validated and tested using a developed hardware setup, simulated in MATLAB for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and compared with standard SSA and HC. The performance of the tracking capability of this proposed hybrid technique at both steady-state and dynamic conditions under rapid and gradual irradiance changes demonstrates its superiority over recent state-of-the-art algorithms.